Urogenital Pathology

Question 1

What is enlargement of prostate also known as?

Answer 1

Enlargement of the prostate is also known as nodular hyperplasia or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Question 2

What consists of overgrowth of the epithelium and fibromuscular tissue of the transition zone and periurethral area of the prostate?

Answer 2

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Question 3

What are the following symptoms related to?

1) urgency
2) difficulty starting urination
3) diminished stream size and force
4) increased frequency
5) incomplete bladder emptying
6) nocturia

Answer 3

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (nodular hyperplasia)

Question 4

Where do most prostate carcinomas arise from?

Answer 4

Most prostate carcinomas arise from the peripheral glands.

Question 5

Where does nodular hyperplasia (benign prostatic hyperplasia) arise from?

Answer 5

Nodular hyperplasia arises from the centrally situated glands so more likely to produce urinary obstruction.

Question 6

What is the risk of prostate cancer for men who have a first degree relative with the disease?

Answer 6

Those with 1 first degree relative with prostate cancer = twice the risk.

Those with 2 first degree relatives with prostate cancer = five times the risk.

Question 7

What is the risk of prostate cancer in men with germline mutations of the tumour suppressor BRCA2 ?

Answer 7

Mutation in BRCA2 leads to 20-fold increased risk of prostate cancer

Question 8

What is the scoring system for prostate cancer?

Answer 8

Gleason Scoring system

Question 9

What are some pre-existing medical conditions associated with Testicular germ cell tumours?

Answer 9

• TGCT in the opposite testicle.
• Cryptorchidism
• impaired spermatogenesis
• inguinal hernia
• hyrdrocele
• testicular atrophy
• disorders of sex development
• prior testicular biopsy
• atopy

Question 10

What is seminoma?

Answer 10

Seminoma is a germ cell tumour of the testicle.

Question 11

What is the aetiology of seminoma?

Answer 11

• Seminoma is seen most commonly in 35-40yr olds.
• uncommon in men over 50
• rare in children

Question 12

What percetage of seminomas have metastases?

Answer 12

10% of seminomas have metastases.

Question 13

What tumour markers are seen in seminoma vs teratoma?

Answer 13

Seminoma:
-elevated serum PLAP and hCG
(hCG causes gynecomastia)
Teratoma:
DO not secrete tumour markers

Question 14

What is the aetiology of teratoma?

Answer 14

first and second decade of life.

Question 15

What is epididymo-orchitis?

Answer 15

inflammation of the epididymis-testis

Question 16

What is idiopathic granulomatous orchitis?

Answer 16

testis becomes swollen and painful

Question 17

non necrotizing granulomas of the testis?

Answer 17

Sarcoidosis of testis

Question 18

Malakoplakia of testis

Answer 18

Malakoplakia of testis

When the tubules and interstitium are infiltrates by large histiocytes

Question 19

Cryptorchidism

Answer 19

Cryptorchidism is the cause of 25% of empty scrotum cases.

These testes are most commonly found in the inguinal canal or upper scrotum.

Question 20

Hypogonadism

Answer 20

Testicular failure.
Primary:
-undescended testis
-Klinefelter syndrome
-hemochromatosis
-mums

Secondary:

• pituitary failure
• obesity
• aging