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Clinical Pathology > Bacterial and fungal meningitis > Flashcards

Bacterial and fungal meningitis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A 
Fever,
headache
neckstiffness
photophobia
(rash sometimes)
*Fully conscious
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2
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A
  • altered consciousness
  • seizures
  • fever
  • headache
  • neck stiffness
  • (rash sometimes
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3
Q

What are the symptoms of brain abscesses?

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • (can have neck stiffness)
  • siezures
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4
Q

What are the causes of brain abscess?

A

Bacterial or sometimes parasitic

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5
Q

How to micro-organisms invade the brain?

A

Blood - brain barrier
blood CSF barrier
Peripheral nerves

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6
Q

What should the normal glucose blood level be?

A

2.5-4.0 mmol/l

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7
Q

What is the glucose level of a bacterial infection?

A

Less than 2.0

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8
Q

What is the cell count in a bacterial infection vs normal blood?

A

Normal = 200

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9
Q

What type of bacteria is Neisseria Meningitidis?

A

Gram Negative Diplococci

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10
Q

What are the outcomes of Neisseria Meningitidis infection?

A
  • Rapid Septicaemia (bloof poisoning)
  • Septicaemia + Purpuric rash
  • Septicaemia + Meningitis
  • Pyogenic (pus) meningitis + no rash
  • conjuctivitis
  • focal sepsis
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11
Q

What is the treatment of Neisseria Meningitidis?

A
  • Ceftriaxone / Cefotaxime
  • Penicillin

*prevent spread in close contacts with Rifampicin / Ciprofloxacin

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12
Q

What type of Bacteria is Haemophilus Influenzae?

A

Gram negative cocco bacilli

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13
Q

What is the age group that Haemophilus Influenzae commonly causes Meningitis?

A

Infants from 2months to 2 years

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14
Q

What is the treatment of Haemophilus Influenzae?

A
  • Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime
  • Ampicillin
  • Protection of close contacts with Rifampicin.
  • H.Influenzae Type B conjugate vaccine
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15
Q

What type of bacterium is Streptococcus Pneumoniae?

A

Gram Positive Cocci

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16
Q

What is the normal habitat for Streptococcus Pneumoniae?

A

Respiratory tract

17
Q

What is the treatment for Streptococcus Pneumoniae?

A

Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime

18
Q

when should steroids be used to treat meningitis?

A

If Streptococcus Pneumoniae suspected .

*no evidence of benefit in meningococcal meningitis

19
Q

What are the common causes of Neonatal Meningitis?

A
  • group B Streptococci
  • Escherichia Coli
  • Listeria Monocytogenes
20
Q

What are the treatments for Neonatal Meningitis?

A
  • Cefotaxime

- Ampicillin and gentamicin

21
Q

What the the complications of meningitis?

A
  • Sepsis
  • raised intracranial pressure
  • deafness
  • siezures
  • stroke
  • hydrocephalus
22
Q

What are the causes of lymphocytic meningitis?

A

1) Viral:
- Enterovirus
- Herpes Simplex
- polio

2 )Spirochete (spiraled bacteria) :

  • Treponemal
  • Borrelia

3) TB

23
Q

What methods are used to detect TB?

A
  • Ziehl Neelsen Stain

- Fluorescent antibody stain

24
Q

What type of organism id cryptococcus?

A

Cryptococcus is a yeast

25
Q

How is cryptoccus meningitis treated?

A

Amphotericin
Flucytosine
Fluconazole

26
Q

What age group does Japenese encephalitis virus affect?

A

children

*Japanese encephalitis virus is an arbovirus.

27
Q

What type of bacteria is Clostridium Tetani?

A

Clostridium Tetani is a Gram Positive Spore forming bacillus

28
Q

How does clostridium tetani enter the body?

A

Clostridium tetani usually resides in soil.

If soil enters a wound C.Tetani can infect.

29
Q

What is the toxin produced by Clostridium Tetani and how does it affect the body?

A

Clostridium Tetani produces the toxin TETANOSPASMIN.
Tetanospasmin spreads via the bloodstream and binds to GANLIOSIDE RECEPTORS and blocks the release of inhibitory interneurones.
-CAUSES CONVULSIVE CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES!!!!

30
Q

What are the side effects of CLlostridium tetani infection?

A

Tetanus (lockjaw)

  • Muscle spasms
  • trismus (spasm of jaw muscles)
  • Opisthotonus (hyperextension of back)
  • respiratory difficulties
  • Cardiovascular instability
31
Q

What is the treatment for Clostridium Tetani?

A

-Antitoxin
-Penicillin or metronidazole
-drugs for spasms
-muscle relaxants
-respiratory support
-

Clinical Pathology (59 decks)

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