Bacterial and fungal meningitis Flashcards
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
Fever, headache neckstiffness photophobia (rash sometimes) *Fully conscious
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
- altered consciousness
- seizures
- fever
- headache
- neck stiffness
- (rash sometimes
What are the symptoms of brain abscesses?
- fever
- headache
- (can have neck stiffness)
- siezures
What are the causes of brain abscess?
Bacterial or sometimes parasitic
How to micro-organisms invade the brain?
Blood - brain barrier
blood CSF barrier
Peripheral nerves
What should the normal glucose blood level be?
2.5-4.0 mmol/l
What is the glucose level of a bacterial infection?
Less than 2.0
What is the cell count in a bacterial infection vs normal blood?
Normal = 200
What type of bacteria is Neisseria Meningitidis?
Gram Negative Diplococci
What are the outcomes of Neisseria Meningitidis infection?
- Rapid Septicaemia (bloof poisoning)
- Septicaemia + Purpuric rash
- Septicaemia + Meningitis
- Pyogenic (pus) meningitis + no rash
- conjuctivitis
- focal sepsis
What is the treatment of Neisseria Meningitidis?
- Ceftriaxone / Cefotaxime
- Penicillin
*prevent spread in close contacts with Rifampicin / Ciprofloxacin
What type of Bacteria is Haemophilus Influenzae?
Gram negative cocco bacilli
What is the age group that Haemophilus Influenzae commonly causes Meningitis?
Infants from 2months to 2 years
What is the treatment of Haemophilus Influenzae?
- Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime
- Ampicillin
- Protection of close contacts with Rifampicin.
- H.Influenzae Type B conjugate vaccine
What type of bacterium is Streptococcus Pneumoniae?
Gram Positive Cocci
What is the normal habitat for Streptococcus Pneumoniae?
Respiratory tract
What is the treatment for Streptococcus Pneumoniae?
Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime
when should steroids be used to treat meningitis?
If Streptococcus Pneumoniae suspected .
*no evidence of benefit in meningococcal meningitis
What are the common causes of Neonatal Meningitis?
- group B Streptococci
- Escherichia Coli
- Listeria Monocytogenes
What are the treatments for Neonatal Meningitis?
- Cefotaxime
- Ampicillin and gentamicin
What the the complications of meningitis?
- Sepsis
- raised intracranial pressure
- deafness
- siezures
- stroke
- hydrocephalus
What are the causes of lymphocytic meningitis?
1) Viral:
- Enterovirus
- Herpes Simplex
- polio
2 )Spirochete (spiraled bacteria) :
- Treponemal
- Borrelia
3) TB
What methods are used to detect TB?
- Ziehl Neelsen Stain
- Fluorescent antibody stain
What type of organism id cryptococcus?
Cryptococcus is a yeast
How is cryptoccus meningitis treated?
Amphotericin
Flucytosine
Fluconazole
What age group does Japenese encephalitis virus affect?
children
*Japanese encephalitis virus is an arbovirus.
What type of bacteria is Clostridium Tetani?
Clostridium Tetani is a Gram Positive Spore forming bacillus
How does clostridium tetani enter the body?
Clostridium tetani usually resides in soil.
If soil enters a wound C.Tetani can infect.
What is the toxin produced by Clostridium Tetani and how does it affect the body?
Clostridium Tetani produces the toxin TETANOSPASMIN.
Tetanospasmin spreads via the bloodstream and binds to GANLIOSIDE RECEPTORS and blocks the release of inhibitory interneurones.
-CAUSES CONVULSIVE CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES!!!!
What are the side effects of CLlostridium tetani infection?
Tetanus (lockjaw)
- Muscle spasms
- trismus (spasm of jaw muscles)
- Opisthotonus (hyperextension of back)
- respiratory difficulties
- Cardiovascular instability
What is the treatment for Clostridium Tetani?
-Antitoxin
-Penicillin or metronidazole
-drugs for spasms
-muscle relaxants
-respiratory support
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