Diabetes (endocrine pathology)

Question 1

What is the normal blood glucose level?

Answer 1

5 mmol / L = normal

11 mmol /L =hyperglycaemia

Question 2

What are the signs and symptoms of Diabetes?

Answer 2

1) Thirst
2) Polyuria
3)Weight loss
3) tiredness
4) HYPERGLYCAEMIA
5)

Question 3

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 3

Fasting blood glucose > 7mmol/L
75g Oral glucose tolerance test
HbA1c = 48 mmol/mol

Question 4

What are the general investigations done for diabetes?

Answer 4

1) HbA1c
2) Renal Function
3) Liver function
4) Lipids
5) Thyroid function

Question 5

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 5

Insuline dependant diabetes = Type 1

Autoimmune destruction of insulin producing islet beta cells causes hyperglycaemia.

Question 6

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 6

Insulin resistant / deficient = type 2 diabetes
It is NOT insulin dependant.
strong family history

Question 7

What is secondary diabetes?

Answer 7

Diabetes that is seondary to pancreatic disorders such as:

1) Chronic / acute pancreatitis
2) Calcific , tropical pancreatitis
3) Pancreactectomy
4) Cystic fibrosis
5) Haemochromatosis (excess iron absorbed , deposited in pancreas, so can’t secrete insulin.)

Question 8

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 8

Diabetes that appears during and resolves after pregnancy.

Question 9

What is the association between growth hormone and diabetes?

Answer 9

High growth hormone levels can cause acromegaly and diabetes.

Question 10

How is cushing’s syndrome associated with diabetes?

Answer 10

Cushing’s is caused by high cortisol levels which can also cause diabetes.

Question 11

What syndromes are associated with diabetes?

Answer 11

1) Cushing’s
2) Friedreich’s ataxia
3) Dystrophia myotonica