Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Diseases of Bone ( Endocrine Pathology) > Flashcards

Diseases of Bone ( Endocrine Pathology) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of bone?

A
  • Support
  • protection of organs
  • blood cell production (bone marrow)
  • Storage of minerals e.g.calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the composition of bone.

A

Made of :

  • Cortical Bone (80%)
  • Trabecular bone
  • Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts.
  • Extracellular Matrix and Minerals

Cortical Bone:

  • Compact, hard outer layer covered by periosteum.
  • forms columns called Osteons which have a central canal containing blood/lymph vessels and nerves.

Trabecular bone:

  • Spongy, porous inner layer.
  • filled with bone marrow.
  • light weight due to porous nature.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the formation of bone.

A

-Osteoblasts are involved in the formation of bone.
-They help to form Osteoids from collagen.
Which then get mineralized .
-The Osteoblasts get trapped in the bone and become osteocytes.

*Osteoclasts are involved in the reabsorption of bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What provides the tensile strength of bone?

A

Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the role of Osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts are involved in bone reabsorption.

  • They are found in bony pits / reabsorption bays,
  • They release enzymes which break down bone and help to increase blood calcium levels.
  • they are regulated by Parathyroid hormone.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of Osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes are trapped osteoblasts.

They have mechosensory properties that help to relay bone movement.

They help to regulate bone matrix turnover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the effect of Ageing on bone ?

A

Ageing causes bone mass to increase.

Peak bone density is in the mid 20’s .

It the plateus and decreases.

Bone densities in later life is determined by peak bone mass.

Menopause causes a steeper decline in bone mass due to the loss of oestrogen.

  • Osteoblasts decrease with age (so no new formation)
  • Osteoclasts increase with age (so more reabsorption)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what methods are used to investigate bone disease?

A

Xray - (structure)
DEXA - (bone mass)
Biochemistry ( turnover )
Biopsy (cellular function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the biochemical markers of bone formation?

A

Osteoblasts are involved in bone formation and produce

  • Alkaline Phosphate
  • ProCollagen Type 1 propeptides (P1NP)

*P1NP is most commonly used in clinical practice. It is a precursor of collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the biochemical markers of bone reabsorption?

A

Degradation products of bone collagen:
- Crosslinked telopeptides of type 1 collagen. (NTX and CTX)

-Osteoclast enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the use of alkaline phosphatase in bone function?

A

Alkaline Phosphatase is required for the formation of bone.

It indicates osteoblastic activity as it is released by OBs.

It is involved in mineralisation.

It is also used as a liver function test.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do high levels of alkaline phosphatase indicate?

A

Release of Alkaline Phosphatase is stimulated by increased bone remodelling so can indicate :

  • growth spurt
  • fractures
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • pagets disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is P1NP? (Procollagen type 1N propeptide)

A

P1NP is a bionmarker for bone synthesis.

It is released by osteoblasts.

High levels indicate icnreased osteoblastic activity and bone formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the significance of collagen cross links (NTX and CTX)

A

NTX and CTX are produced when collagen is broken down. ie. bone reabsorption/turnover which is done by osteoclasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the uses of bone markers?

A
  • evaluate bone turnover and loss
  • Evaluate treatment effect
  • Evaluate complance with medication
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the T score that indicates osteoporosis?

A

-2.5 and below

The more negative the T score the lower the bone mass.

17
Q

Name 3 common bone disorders?

A
  • Metastatic disease
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Ostemalacia / Rickets
  • Osteoporosis
  • Paget’s Disease
18
Q

What are the risk factors of Osteoporosis?

A
  • Female
  • menopause (loss of oestrogen causes bone loss)
  • long term steroids
  • Vitamin D Deficiency
  • Alcohol
  • Smoking
19
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

1)Decreased Bone Mass
AND
2)Decreased bone qualityy
3)leads to lack of structural function

20
Q

What is a fragility fracture?

A

A fracture caused by minimal trauma, e.g. tripping.

21
Q

What are some secondary causes of Osteoporosis?

Name one from the following categories:

  • Endocrine
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Rheumatological
  • Haematological
  • Respiratory
  • Drugs
A

Endocrine:

  • Menopause
  • hypogonadism (decrease in testosterone)
  • hyperthyroidism
  • cushing’s (caused by excessive steroid)

GASTROINTESTINAL:

  • Coeliac disease
  • IBD
  • Chronic liver disease
  • malansorption

RHEUMATALOGICAL:
-rheumatoid arthritis

HAEMATOLOGICAL:
-Myeloma

RESPIRATORY:

  • COPD
  • Cystic fibrosis

DRUGS:
Steroids

22
Q

What are bisphosponates used for?

A

Bisphosphonates are used as an antiresorptive treatment. They affect osteoclasts.

The bisphosphonates are absorbed into the bone. When the osteoclasts ingest the bone the bisphosphonates kill them. This decreases bone breakdown and re-absorption.

23
Q

What is lytic bone metastases?

A

Lytic is the destruction of bone driven by osteoclasts. It can be caused by lung and breast cancer.

24
Q

What is sclerotic bone metastes?

A

It is the depostion of new bone. Often stimualted by prostate cancer.

If in the spine can compress the spinal cord.

25
Q

What are the symptoms of bone metastases?

A

-Pain (worse at night)
-Broken bones
numbness/paralysis/trouble urinating (pressing on spinal cord)
-Loss of appetite, nausea, thirst (symptoms of Hypercalcaemia)
-Anaemia (disruption of bone marrow)

26
Q

What blood test would you do for high calcium levels?

A

Check the ParaThyroid Hormone levels which indicate reabsorption.

(*When calcium is low, the para thyroid gland released PTH. PTH causes osteoclasts to break down bone. Increasing Ca2+ in blood. negative feedback causes PTH secretion to stop)

27
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypercalcaemia?

A
  • Polyuria
  • Anorexia
  • Nausia
  • Fatigue
  • Constipation
  • abdo pain
  • vomiting
  • dehydration
28
Q

What are the causes of Hypercalcemia?

A

1) PTH mediated:
- genetic
- sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism

2) Non PTH mediated:
- Malignancy
- Excess Vit D
- Sarcoidosis (increases activated Vit D levels)
- drugs

29
Q

What cells secrete parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells.

30
Q

How is PTH regulated?

A

Low levels of calcium in blood stimulate PTgland to secrete PTH.

PTH causes:

1) break down of bone (osteoclasts)
2) increased absorption of calcium from food. (intestines)
3) Increased reabsorption of calcium by kidneys.

This results in increased blood calcium. Negative feedback loop causes PTH to stop being secreted.

31
Q

What is a cause of primary hyperParaThyroidism?

A

it is usually sporadic or familial

32
Q

What is a cause of secondary HyperParaThyroidism?

A

Mainly Chronic Kidney Disease.
Or
Vitamin D deficiency

33
Q

What is a cause of Teritary HyperParaThyroidism?

A

Occurs after secondary HPT. usually in Chronic Kidney disease

34
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of Primary HyperParaThyroidism?

A
  • hypercalcaemia
  • Renal disease
  • Bone disease (osteoporosis)
  • Proximal muscle wasting
35
Q

What are calcimimetics used for?

A

used to normalise calcium

36
Q

What is Paget’s Disease of Bone?

A

-Rapid bone turnover and formation that leads to abnormal bone remodeling.

37
Q

What are the clinical features of pagets disease?

A

Clinical Features of Paget’s Disease:

  • Bone pain
  • Bone deformity
  • Fractures
  • Arthritis
38
Q

What is Osteomalacia?

A

Lack of mineralisation of bone due to vitamin D deficiency or lack of calcium /phosphate.

39
Q

What are the clinical features of Osteomalacia?

A
  • diffuse bone pains
  • muscle weakness
  • bone weakness
  • High alkaline phosphatase, low vit D, low calcium, high PTH

Clinical Pathology (59 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions