Hepatobiliary System and pancreas : liver tumours, biliary tract and pancreas Flashcards
What type of cancer is cirrhosis a major risk factor of?
Cirrhosis is a risk factor of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Who is more affected by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) males or females?
Males»_space;> female
What are the clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
- worsening liver function
- weight loss
What are the macroscopic features of Hepatocellular carcinoma?
-large soft nodules (green because of bile)
What structures are sometimes involved in hepatocellular carcinom
- portal vein (60%)
- Hepatic Vein (20%)
- Bile duct (5%)
What is the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma? and how is it treated?
Very poor (less than 1 year survival)
Treatment:
- If non cirrhotic /small/ peripheral - then surgery
- transplant if large / cirrhotic
- chemo if large / metastasised
What tumours commonly metastesise to the liver?
Multinodular / infilitrative cancer is indicative of
1) Lung
2) Pancreas
3) Breast
4) Stomach
5) melanoma
Few large nodules:
-Large bowel
What is cholangiocarcinoma?
Cholangiocarcinoma is adenocarcinoma arising in the bile ducts.
What is the difference between Intrahepatic and Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma? And what are the risk factors of each?
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma develops from small intrahepatic ducts. Usually presents late.
Risk factor = cirrhosis
Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma develops from large ducts and usually causes obstructive jaundice early.
risk factor = bile duct disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis
What is primary sclerosing cholangitis?
PSC is uncommon chronic liver disease in which the bile ducts inside and outside the liver progressively decrease in size due to inflammation and scarring (fibrosis). Bile accumulates in liver»_space;>scarring of liver»_space;>cirrhosis.
What is a cholecystectomy?
a procedure to remove gall bladder in the case of gallstones, pancreatitis.
What is acute cholecystitis ?
When the duct is blocked by a gallstone it becomes large, swollen, congested and ulcerated. Complications such as empyema (pus collection) and rupture can arise
What are gall stones?
Gall stones form when bile constituents precipitate in the gall bladder.
What are the different types of gall stones?
- cholesterol stones (yellow )
- pigment stones (black) - in haemolytic anaemia
- Mixed stones
What stones are caused by haemolytic anaemia?
pigment stones (black in colour)
