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Clinical Pathology > Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Skin Tumours, The Eye - Skin and Soft tissue pathology > Flashcards

Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Skin Tumours, The Eye - Skin and Soft tissue pathology Flashcards

1
Q

herpes Varicella Zoster can cause scarring of the eye. What nerve needs to be inolved for this to happen?

A

Trigemminal nerve

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2
Q

Chlamydia has 2 forms which affect the eye. What is the tropical disease that infect the corneum and conjuctiva causing blindess?

A

Trachoma

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3
Q

What can cause cataracts?

A

1) Senile degeneration
2) Rubella
3) Down’s Syndrome
4) Irradiation
5) Diabetes Mellitus
6) Uveitis

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4
Q

Retinal infections can be caused by this parasite. The cat is the host of the parasite and the oocyst are in the faeces.

A

Toxoplasma

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5
Q

Retina Infections can be caused by this parasite. It can be transferred from infected dog faeces. The larva then migrate to the retina and die causing inflammation.

A

Toxocara canis

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6
Q

What can cause retinal vascular disease?

A

1) Ischaemia
2) Hypertensive Retinopathy
3) Diabetic retinopathy

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7
Q

Flame shaped haemorrhages and exudates seen by an opthalmoscope are associated with ….

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

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8
Q

dot and blot haemorrhages and exudates seen by an opthalmoscope are associated with . . .

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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9
Q

What type of macular degeneration is age related and affects 60+ ?

A

Dry Macular degeneration

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10
Q

What type of macular degeneration is due to new vessel growth beneath the retina. and is treated with drugs and lasers?

A

Wet macular degeneration

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11
Q

Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 and the loss of the RB gene leads to what kind of eye tumour?

A

Retinoblastoma

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12
Q

Tumors arising from the melanocytes that reside within the uvea giving color to the eye are called?

A

Uveal Melanoma

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13
Q

What common viral infection presents as genital warts?

A

HPV

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14
Q

Out of HSV1 and HSV2 which causes cold sores / genital herpes?

A 
HSV1 = cold sores
HSV2 = genital herpes
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15
Q

Which out of the following is a superficial / deep bacterial infection of the skin?

1) Impetigo
2) Cellulitis

A

1) Impetigo - superficial
(usually caused by staph aureus infection)

2) Cellulitis - deep
(usually caused by strep pyogenes)

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16
Q

What skin infection is granulomatous and involves nerves leading to loss of sensation?

A

Leprosy (mycobacterium Leprae)

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17
Q

What mycobacterium usually affects those who work with fish causing a fish tank granuloma?

A

Mycobacterium Marinum

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18
Q

What is an abscess?

A

collection of pus

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19
Q

What fungal infections like hot, moist areas and are caused by Trichophyton species?

A

1) ringworm
2) Tinia pedis (athletes foot)
3) Tinea cruris (groins)

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20
Q

What are the 3 stages of Dermatitis (eczema)?

A

1) Acute Dermatitis = red, weeping serous exudation (with or without vesicles)
2) subacute dermatitis - red skin, less exudate, itching, crusting
3) Chronic dermatitis - thick/leathery skin secondary to scratching

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21
Q

What is spongiosis?

A

intracellular oedema within the epidermis

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22
Q

What is Atopic Eczema?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to an allergen. Often associated with asthma and hay fever.
eczema that starts in childhood. Often has a family history.

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23
Q

what is contact irritant dermatitis?

A

direct injury to to skin by an irritant.
OR
allergic reaction

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24
Q

What is nummular dermatitis?

A

coin shaped lesions on the skin

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25
Q

What does Psoriasis look like?

A

Red oval plaques on skin. scaly.

26
Q

what are the histological features of Psoriasis?

A

1) elongated rete ridges
2) Thinning of epidermic over dermal papiallae
3) Parakeratotic scale
4) Neutrophils in scale

27
Q

Chromosome 6p2 is implicated in what skin condition?

A

Psoriasis

28
Q

A butterfly rash on nose and cheeks is characteristic of what condition?

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

29
Q

an auto-immune disorder primarily affecting connective tissued of the body. Can affect any part of the body but most importantly the kidneys

A

Lupus Erythematosus

30
Q

What investigations are used to identify the presence of autoantibodies in the skin?

A

Immunofluorescence

31
Q

A heliotroic rash and peri-ocular oedema and muscle weakness are assosiated with . .

A

Dermatomyositis

*dermomyositis is associated with underlying cancer in 25% of cases

32
Q

Formation of fluid filled blisters is associated with?

A

Bullous diseases

33
Q

What is the difference between Pemphigus and Pemphigoid?

A

Pemphigus = superficial (intra-epidermal bulla - with intracellular immunoflouresence)

Pemphigoid = Deep (sub epidermal bulla) - with basement membrane immunoflouresence

34
Q

A group of disorders characterised by the loss of cohesion between keratinocytes resulting in an intraepidermal blister is called . . .

A

Pemphigus

35
Q

In pemphigus where are the autoantibodies directed?

A

In Pemphigus, autoantibodies are directed at the intercellular material.

*can be detected by IMF (immunoflourescence)

36
Q

Diseases characterised by subepidermal blisters which are large and do not rupture easily are called…

A

Bullous Pemphigoid

37
Q

In bullous pemphigoid where are the autoantibodies directed?

A

In bullous pemphigoid the autoantibodies are directed at the glycoproteins in the basement membrane.

*can be detected by IMF

38
Q

Small itchy blisters associated with coeliac disease?

A

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

39
Q

In what condition is IgA deposition detected in dermal papillae on IMF?

A

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

40
Q

What systemic disease can be associated with dermatomyositis?

A

visceral cancer

41
Q

What systemic disease is associated with dermatitis herpetiformic

A

coeliac disease

42
Q

What systemic disease is associated with acanthosis nigricans (dark warty lesions in armpits)

A

internal malignancy

43
Q

What systemic disease is associated with necrobiosis Lipoidica (red/yellow plaques on leds)?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

44
Q

What systemic disease is associated with Erythema Nodosum (red tender nodules on shins)?

A

infections elsewhere esp. lungs

45
Q

What skin lesions are associated with metabolic disorders?

A

1) Xanthoma (yellow plaques often on eyelids) (hyperlipeamis)
2) Gout
3) Porphyria ( a group of disorders caused by defective synthesis of haem)

46
Q

What virus can caused acquired Porphyria Cutanea Tarda?

A

Hepatitis C

porphyria is the defective syntheis of haem

47
Q

what is the commonest malignant tumour of the skin?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

48
Q

Where does squamous cell carcinoma usually occur

A

sun exposed sites

49
Q

What type skin cancers are rodent ulcers associated with?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

50
Q

A nodule with ulcerated, crusted surface is associated with what type of skin cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

51
Q

What is the pre-malignant disease that leads to squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Actinic Keratosis

dyslpasia to squamous epithelium is very common chronic sun exposed sites

52
Q

What are Naevi

A

Benign collections of melanocytes

53
Q

What is the criterial for assessing moles (Naevi)?

A 
ABCD
Assymetrical?
Borders uneven?
Colour variation?
Diameter (greater than 6mm)

Then melanoma

54
Q

what inherited condition increases risk of melanoma?

A

1) Dysplastic Naevus Sydrome has many large atypical moles that have an increased risk of becoming malignant.
2) Giant congenital naevi have a small risk of becoming malignant.

55
Q

A small growing, flat pigmented patch that occurs on the face of elderly people?

A

Lentigo Maligna

*proliferation of atypical melanocytes along basal layer of epidermis.

**Late in disease melanocytes may invade the dermis causing lentigo maligna melanom - with a potential to metastasise.

56
Q

What areas of skin is affected by acral lentigenous melanoma?

A

Palms and soles (sometimes subungual aka beneath finger nail)

57
Q

What melanoma is caused by BRaF mutations. It is also the commonest type of melanoma in britain.

A

Superficial spreading melanoma

58
Q

Invasive atypical melanocytes invade the dermis to produce nodules of tumour cells - what type of tumour is this?

A

Nodular Melanoma

59
Q

What is Breslow Thickness?

A

It is a measure of prognosis (5year survival %) of a tumour.

4mm thickness = 45-60% survival

60
Q

Why is the sentinel node significant in skin tumours?

A

The sentinal node is the lymph node which drains from the melanoma first.

If it is positive when removed, the rest of the lymph nodes in the area are removed to try and stop disease progression.

61
Q

What is the treatment for skin cancer?

A

1) surgery (excision of area and lymph nodes if sentinel node is positive)
2) BRAF inhibitors in melanoma

Clinical Pathology (59 decks)

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