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Clinical Pathology > Introduction to Haematology (Haematology pathology) > Flashcards

Introduction to Haematology (Haematology pathology) Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematology?

A

Biology and pathology of cells that normally circulate in the blood

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2
Q

What is Haemopoises?

A

The process that gives rise to cell in blood

1 stem cell can divide and differentiate.

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3
Q

What are the haemopoietic lineages?

A

1) Myeloid
e. g. WBC/RBC/Platelets

2) Lymphoid
e. g. B cells /T cells

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4
Q

What day during development does haemopoiesis start?

A

Day 27

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5
Q

What is the function of blood cells?

A
  • Oxygen transport
  • Coagulation
  • Immune response to pathogens
  • Immune response to abnormal cells
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6
Q

What is the life span of Red Blood Cells?

A

120 days

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7
Q

What is the term for reduced / raised RBC count.

A

Reduced RBC = anaemia

Raised RBC= Polycythaemia

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8
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Granulotcytes are WBCs that have cytoplasmic granules and are specialised into :

1) Neutrophils
2) Eosinophils
3) Basophils

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9
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

WBC > Granulocyte > phagocyte.
Most common WBC.
-fights bacterial infection.

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10
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

WBC > Granulocytes

  • fights parasitic infection
  • allergic reaction
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11
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Phagocytic and antigen presenting cells.

They migrate to tissues and are then known as macrophages of histiocytes.

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12
Q

What are Natural killer cells?

A

NK cells are large lymphocytes that are part of the innate immune system.

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13
Q

What are B-Lymphocytes?

A

they are part of the adaptive immune system.

Produce antibodies

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14
Q

What are T Lymphocytes?

A

T Lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune system.

They are cell mediated immunity.

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15
Q

What is Lymphocytosis?

A

Lymphocytosis is increased numbers of lymphocytes

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16
Q

What is lymphopenia?

A

Lymphopenia is decreased numbers of lymphocytes

17
Q

Where are platelets derived from?

A

Platelets are derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes

18
Q

What does a full blood count measure?

A

1) Haemoglobin concentration
2) Red cell parameters (mean cell volume and mean cell haemaglobin)
3) White Cell count
4) Platelet count

19
Q

What is a coagulation screen?

A

It is a test that measures the time taken for a clot to form when plasma is mixed with specified reagents.

1) Prothrombin time
2) Activated partial thromboplastin time
3) Thrombin time

20
Q

What is the difference between sensitivity and specificity?

A

Sensitivity : proportion of ABNORMAL results correctly classified by test. (ability to detect a true abnormality)
Sensitivity = TP/(TP+FN)

SPECIFICITY:
-proportion of NORMAL results correctly classified by the test. (ability to exclude an abnormal result in a healthy person)
Specificity = TN / (TN+FP)

21
Q

What is Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia?

What are the causes?

A

Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia : Small, Pale Red blood cells.

Causes:

  • Iron deficiency,
  • Thalassaemia,
  • anaemia of chronic disease,
  • lead poisoning
  • sideroblastic anaemia.
22
Q

What is normocytic normochronic anaemia?

Whar are the causes of normocytic normochronic anaemia?

A 
normocytic = decreased haematocrit / haemoglobin
Normochromic = decreased RBC count

Caused by:

  • haemolytic anaemia
  • anameia after chronic disease
  • after acute blood loss
  • renal disease
  • bone marrow failure
23
Q

What is macrocytic anaemia?

A

Large RBCs

causes:
Vit B12 or Folate defiency
liver disease

24
Q

What are the characteristics of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

-Small pale RBC
-variable shape (long thin)
(low mean cell volume (MCV) and low mean cell haemaglobin (MCH) )

25
Q

What are the characteristics of Vitamin B12 Deficiency ?

A

Hypersegmented neutrophils and oval macrocytes

26
Q

What is the normal haemaglobin range for men and women?

A

Haemaglobin
men = 135 - 180
women = 115 -160

27
Q

what is the normal range for WBCs?

A

4 - 11

28
Q

What is the normal range for platelets?

A

150 -400 X10^9/L

29
Q

What is the normal mean cell volume?

A

78 - 100 fL

30
Q

What is the normal red blood cell count in men and women?

A

RBCs
Men = 4.5-6.5
women = 3.8-5.8

31
Q

What is the normal neutrophil count?

A

2.0 - 7.5

Clinical Pathology (59 decks)

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