Lower Respiratory Tract Infection - Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
What are the predisposing factors to a lower resp tract infection?
1) Loss / suppression of cough reflex / swallow
- Stroke
- coma
- ventilation
2) Ciliary Defects
3) Mucous disorders
- cystic fibrosis
4) Pulmonary oedema
5) Immunodeficiency
6) Macrophage function inhibition
- smoking
What bacteria cause Lower Resp tract infections?
1) Streptococcus pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus Influenzae
3) Staph aureus
4) Klebsiella pneumonia
5) Chlamydophila pneumoniae
6) Legionella pneumoniae
7) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What viruses causes LRTIs?
1-influenza
2-parainfluenza
3-respiratory syncytial virus
4-adenovirus
What fungi cause LRTIs?
1) Aspergillus
2) Candida
3) Pneumocystitis jiroveci
What LRTI is associated with retrosternal pain?
- also has inflammation and oedema of trachea and bronchi.
- cough (usually dry), dyspnoea and tachypnoea
Acute Bronchitis
What are the causes of acute bronchitis?
Usually viral cause:
- rhinovirus
- coronavirus
- adenovirus
- influenza
Sometimes bacterial cause:
- H.influenzae
- M.pneumoniae
- B.pertussis
Who is usually affected by acute bronchitis?
children under 5yrs
“Cough productive sputum on most days during at least 3 months of 2 successive years” - is the definition of???
Chronic bronchitis
What is chronic bronchitis associated with?
smoking
pollution
allergens
Who is affected by chronic bronhitis?
- 10-25% of adult population
- most commonly affects men and those above 40yrs
What is bronchiolitis most commonly caused by?
RSV
A condition in infants that has acute onset of wheeze, nasal discharge, respiratory distress is usualll?
Bronchiolitis
What infection affects the most distal airways and alveoli with the formation of inflammatory exudate?
Pneumonia
What pathogen are most lobar pneumonia caused by?
Strep pneumoniae
What are the characteristics of Bronchopneumonia?
1) PATCHY around inflamed bronchioles and bronchi. then spread to surrounding alveoli
what are the typical bacteria that cause community acquired pneumoniae?
1) Strept pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus influenzae
3) Moraxella catarrhalis
4) Staph aureus
5) Klebsiella pneumoniae
Rapid onset of fever/chills productive cough mucopurulent sputum pleuritic chest pain and general malaise are all symptoms of?
Bacterial community acquired pneumoniae.
What are the “atypical” bacterial causes of community acquired pneumoniae?
1) Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2) Legionella pneumophilia
3) Chlamydophila pneumoniae
4) Coxiella burnetii
What atypical bacterial cause of CAP (community acquired pneumoniae)
is associated with birds?
Chlamydophila psittaci
what atypical bacterial cause of CAP is colonises water piping systems to cause high fever, diarrhoea, vomiting and confusion?
legionella pneumophilia
CURB-65 score is how we assess disease severity. What does CURB-65 score include for pneumonia?
Confusion
Urea >7mmol/l
Respiratory rate >30
Blood pressure:
-systolic 65yrs
