Urogenital Imaging and Anatomy Flashcards
what is the round apex of the medullary pyramids called?
papilla
how many nephrons are there in the kidney?
1 million
what structure looks bubbly on a CT and is located medially to the liver?
transverse colon
the left renal hilum is at what vertebral level?
L1
the right renal hilum is at what vertebral level?
L1/L2
benefits of kidney USS?
can see size of kidney
can see scarring, calculi and other abnormalities
benefits of a kidney CT?
vascular problems can be seen
multiphasic assessment of kidney
what abnormality is best seen in the pre-contrast phase of a CT?
renal calculi
2nd CT kidney phase?
corticomedullary
when is the best CT phase to look at the ureters?
5-15mins after contrast injection phase 4 (excretory phase)
name the 4 CT phases of kidney imaging
pre contrast
corticomedullary
nephrographic
excretory
name the 3 fundamental spaces in the retroperitoneum and where they lie in relation to the kidney
anterior pararenal (anterior) perirenal (immediately lateral) posterior pararenal (posterolateral)
when would you suspect CT-contrast induced nephropathy in a patient?
impairment in renal function 3 days after contrast injection
serum creatinine and urea raised
how is contrast induced nephropathy prevented?
give saline and bicarb prior to CT
name the small arteries that come off of the aorta after the renal arteries and before the iliac arteries?
lumbar arteries
what renal condition presents with inital skin erythema and pain which then turns the skin “wood like”
nephrogenic systemic sclerosis
how long are the ureters?
25-30cm long
name the 3 different divisions of the ureter
abdominal
pelvic
intravesical
another way of saying “where the ureter crosses the bifurcation of the aorta”
pelvic brim
go-to renal imaging test?
CT urogram
name for the posterior surface of the bladder
base
name for the anterior surface of the bladder
apex
what muscles lie inferolaterally to the bladder?
levator ani
obturator internus
commonest imaging of the bladder?
USS
bladder USS requires a fully empty bladder before imaging can be done: T or F
F, needs to be completely full so the outlines can be seen
gold standard test to see leak through bladder wall tear?
cystography
what 2 forms of contrast imaging are used for the bladder?
IVU
cystography
gold standard test for local staging of bladder wall tumours?
MRI
gold standard test for nodal and metastatic bladder disease staging?
CT
when would a urethrogra be used?
suspected strictures, trauma, diverticula
name the different divisions of the urethra in the male
prostatic
membranous
bulbous
penile/spongy
USS is the primary imaging of choice for what genital structures
testes, scrotum, prostate biopsy
uterus, ovaries
when is a hysterosalpingogram used?
infertile patient to check tubal patency
uterine abnormalities
MRI is the imaging of choice for what genital structures?
prostate for cancer staging
double check abnormalities not picked up on USS eg in uterus
