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2 Renal > Physiology 6 > Flashcards

Physiology 6 Flashcards

1
Q

tubular fluid entering the distal tubule is __osmotic to plasma

A

hypo

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2
Q

osmolarity of the plasma?

A

300mosmol/l

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3
Q

what does the distal tubule empty into?

A

collecting duct

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4
Q

what hormone controls water reabsorption and what effect does it have on this?

A

ADH

increases rebasorption

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5
Q

what hormone controls Na reabsorption? what effect does it have on this?

A

aldosterone

increases it

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6
Q

aldosterone is responsible for secretion of which 2 ions?

A

H+

K+

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7
Q

what hormone decreases Na reabsorption?

A

atrial natriuretic hormone

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8
Q

PTH is responsible for the increased reabsorption of __ and the decreased reabsorption of __

A

calcium ions

PO4

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9
Q

the distal tubule has __ permeability to water and urea

A

low

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10
Q

where is urea concentrated?

A

tubular fluid

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11
Q

what part of the distal tubule is responsible for NaCl absorption?

A

early part

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12
Q

the late collecting duct is permeable to ions T or F

A

F, has a low ion permeability

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13
Q

plasma half life of ADH?

A

10-15 mins

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14
Q

how does ADH make the apical membrane more permeable to water?

A

inserts aquaporins into the membrane

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15
Q

why do you get hypertonic urine when ADH is high?

A

causes more reabsorption of water via aquaporins -> more concentrated urine

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16
Q

why is water not reabsorbed when there is no ADH?

A

no aquaporin channels can be created without ADH, so the collecting duct is impermeable

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17
Q

does ADH have an effect on urine volume?

A

yes, it decreases it

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18
Q

what controls thirst and ADH secretion?

A

hypothalamus

19
Q

what effect does ADH have on the blood vessels?

A

vasoconstricts them

20
Q

name the 2 kinds of diabetes insipidus

A

central

nephrogenic

21
Q

symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

A

large volumes of dilute urine

constant thirst

22
Q

Tx of diabetes insipidus?

A

ADH replacement

23
Q

decreased atrial pressure -> __ ADH release

A

increased

24
Q

nicotine stimulates ADH release T or F

A

T

25
Q

alcohol stimulates ADH release T or F

A

F (need to pee all the time when drunk)

26
Q

where in the nephron is the tubular fluid at its highest osmolarity?

A

descending loop of henle

27
Q

how does aldosterone increase BP?

A

it causes Na retention which causes high BP and blood volume

28
Q

where is most K+ normally reabsorbed?

A

proximal tubule

29
Q

what component of RAAS is responsible for inducing thirst?

A

angiotensin II

30
Q

where is renin released?

A

granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

31
Q

what effect does renin have on the body?

A

increases salt reabsorption
increases blood pressure
increases ECF/blood volume

32
Q

how does RAAS know if salt levels are low?

A

via macula densa cells (salt sensors)

33
Q

granular cells are directly innervated by what nerves?

A

sympathetics

34
Q

why do those with congestive heart failure retain fluid?

A

RAAS keeps working because it is responding to the low CO + BP patients with CCF get

35
Q

where is ANP stored?

A

atrial muscle cells

36
Q

when is ANP released?

A

when the atrial muscle cells become stretched by an increased circulating volume

37
Q

what does ANP do?

A

decreases Na reabsorption
stops RAAS
vasodilates SM of afferent arterioles
decreases sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

why does ANP work on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

sympathetics increases CO and TPR and therefore BP

39
Q

name the 2 mechanisms that govern the process of urination

A

micturation reflex

voluntary control

40
Q

what volume can the bladder hold before the micturation reflex is initiated?

A

250-400ml

41
Q

what nerves control contraction of the bladder?

A

parasympathetics

42
Q

what controls voluntary control of micturation?

A

the cerebral cortex and motor nerves

43
Q

what does osmotic diuresis mean?

A

water loss

44
Q

what type of diuresis involves increased excretion of urine and solute?

A

osmotic diuresis

2 Renal (34 decks)

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