Pathology 2 Flashcards
horseshoe kidney results in massive renal dysfunction T or F
F, works as normal
what is agenesis?
absence of 1 or both kidney
what is hypoplasia?
small kidneys but normal development
what happens to the kidneys in horseshoe kidney?
fusion at either pole of the kidney, usually lower
most common cyst found in the kidneys?
simple cyst
what kind of fluid does a simple cyst contain?
serous
polycystic disease can be divided into 2 categories; what are they?
infantile (ARPKD)
adult (ADPKD)
main complication of infantile polycystic disease?
terminal renal failure
dilation occurs where in ARPKD?
distal nephron in the medullary collecting ducts
the kidney is not distorted in shape in ARPKD: T or F
T, it’s just enlarged and contains cysts
what disease is ARPKD closely associated with?
congenital hepatic fibrosis
what do patients with ARPKD present with and when?
abdo mass
haematuria
hypertension
chronic renal failure
is renal enlargement bigger in ARPKD or ADPKD?
ADPKD
shape is not distorted in ADPKD T or F
F,
where do cysts arise in ADPKD?
anywhere in the nephron
cysts can arise in what other organs in ADPKD?
liver
pancreas
lung
what is the main complication of ADPKD and why?
subarachnoid haemorrrhage as these patients are prone to berry aneurysms in the circle of willis (may rupture)
commonest tumour of the kidney? is it benign or malignant?
fibroma
benign
where do fibromas arise? what do they look like
white nodules on the renal medulla
give examples of benign kidney tumours
adenoma
angiomyolipoma
JGCT - juxtaglomerular cell tumour
what benign tumour of the kidney can cause hypertension and why?
JGCT as these cells make renin which increases BP
which benign kidney tumour is associated with tuberous sclerosis?
angiomyolipoma
commonest intra-abdominal tumour in children?
nephroblastoma
what will children preset with who have nephroblastoma?
abdo mass
where do urothelial carcinomas arise?
renal pelvis and calyces
where does a renal cell carcinoma arise from?
renal tubular epithelium
most common primary renal tumour in adults?
renal cell carcinoma
peak age and gender for renal cell carcinoma?
men aged 55-60
presentation of RCC?
abdo mass
haematuria
flank pain
red flag signs eg weight loss
how does the blood of patients with RCC differ from normal and why?
have more Hb in blood (have overproductive erythropoetin which makes RBCs)
what endocrine symptom can RCC patients present with?
hypercalcaemia
what does RCC look like on the kidney?
large yellow mass centred on cortex
where can an RCC extend to and what are the complications of this?
renal vein
can go to IVC then RA of heart
RCC metastasises to…
lung
bone
lymphatics
what type of renal cell carcinoma is most common? what substances is it rich in?
clear cell type
glycogen and lipid-rich
where does transitional epithelium extend from and to?
pelvicalyceal system to urethra
most common bladder tumour?
transitional cell carcinoma
what age range is most likely to get TCC?
50+
what jobs are red flags for a TCC?
if the patient worked in the dye or rubber industry
main cause of TCC?
SMOKING!
what symptom do patients always present with in TCC?
haematuria
what area of the bladder is the most common location for a TCC?
trigone
where can a TCC metastasise to?
lymphatics (obturator LNs)
lungs
liver
TCCs have a high recurrence rate T or F
T
TCC can occur in the kidney T or F
T, can occur anywhere from the renal pelvis to the urethra
what symptom other than haematuria can patients complain of?
obtruction
you can also get adenocarcinoma and SCC in the urinary tract T or F
T
schistomiasis is associated with what cancer of the
SCC
commonest malignant bladder tumour in children?
embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
