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2 Renal > Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

horseshoe kidney results in massive renal dysfunction T or F

A

F, works as normal

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2
Q

what is agenesis?

A

absence of 1 or both kidney

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3
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

small kidneys but normal development

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4
Q

what happens to the kidneys in horseshoe kidney?

A

fusion at either pole of the kidney, usually lower

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5
Q

most common cyst found in the kidneys?

A

simple cyst

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6
Q

what kind of fluid does a simple cyst contain?

A

serous

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7
Q

polycystic disease can be divided into 2 categories; what are they?

A

infantile (ARPKD)

adult (ADPKD)

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8
Q

main complication of infantile polycystic disease?

A

terminal renal failure

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9
Q

dilation occurs where in ARPKD?

A

distal nephron in the medullary collecting ducts

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10
Q

the kidney is not distorted in shape in ARPKD: T or F

A

T, it’s just enlarged and contains cysts

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11
Q

what disease is ARPKD closely associated with?

A

congenital hepatic fibrosis

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12
Q

what do patients with ARPKD present with and when?

A

abdo mass
haematuria
hypertension
chronic renal failure

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13
Q

is renal enlargement bigger in ARPKD or ADPKD?

A

ADPKD

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14
Q

shape is not distorted in ADPKD T or F

A

F,

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15
Q

where do cysts arise in ADPKD?

A

anywhere in the nephron

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16
Q

cysts can arise in what other organs in ADPKD?

A

liver
pancreas
lung

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17
Q

what is the main complication of ADPKD and why?

A

subarachnoid haemorrrhage as these patients are prone to berry aneurysms in the circle of willis (may rupture)

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18
Q

commonest tumour of the kidney? is it benign or malignant?

A

fibroma

benign

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19
Q

where do fibromas arise? what do they look like

A

white nodules on the renal medulla

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20
Q

give examples of benign kidney tumours

A

adenoma
angiomyolipoma
JGCT - juxtaglomerular cell tumour

21
Q

what benign tumour of the kidney can cause hypertension and why?

A

JGCT as these cells make renin which increases BP

22
Q

which benign kidney tumour is associated with tuberous sclerosis?

A

angiomyolipoma

23
Q

commonest intra-abdominal tumour in children?

A

nephroblastoma

24
Q

what will children preset with who have nephroblastoma?

A

abdo mass

25
Q

where do urothelial carcinomas arise?

A

renal pelvis and calyces

26
Q

where does a renal cell carcinoma arise from?

A

renal tubular epithelium

27
Q

most common primary renal tumour in adults?

A

renal cell carcinoma

28
Q

peak age and gender for renal cell carcinoma?

A

men aged 55-60

29
Q

presentation of RCC?

A

abdo mass
haematuria
flank pain
red flag signs eg weight loss

30
Q

how does the blood of patients with RCC differ from normal and why?

A

have more Hb in blood (have overproductive erythropoetin which makes RBCs)

31
Q

what endocrine symptom can RCC patients present with?

A

hypercalcaemia

32
Q

what does RCC look like on the kidney?

A

large yellow mass centred on cortex

33
Q

where can an RCC extend to and what are the complications of this?

A

renal vein

can go to IVC then RA of heart

34
Q

RCC metastasises to…

A

lung
bone
lymphatics

35
Q

what type of renal cell carcinoma is most common? what substances is it rich in?

A

clear cell type

glycogen and lipid-rich

36
Q

where does transitional epithelium extend from and to?

A

pelvicalyceal system to urethra

37
Q

most common bladder tumour?

A

transitional cell carcinoma

38
Q

what age range is most likely to get TCC?

A

50+

39
Q

what jobs are red flags for a TCC?

A

if the patient worked in the dye or rubber industry

40
Q

main cause of TCC?

A

SMOKING!

41
Q

what symptom do patients always present with in TCC?

A

haematuria

42
Q

what area of the bladder is the most common location for a TCC?

A

trigone

43
Q

where can a TCC metastasise to?

A

lymphatics (obturator LNs)
lungs
liver

44
Q

TCCs have a high recurrence rate T or F

A

T

45
Q

TCC can occur in the kidney T or F

A

T, can occur anywhere from the renal pelvis to the urethra

46
Q

what symptom other than haematuria can patients complain of?

A

obtruction

47
Q

you can also get adenocarcinoma and SCC in the urinary tract T or F

A

T

48
Q

schistomiasis is associated with what cancer of the

A

SCC

49
Q

commonest malignant bladder tumour in children?

A

embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

2 Renal (34 decks)

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