Pathology Tutorial Flashcards
what effect does amyloid have on BVs?
binds to capillary walls and makes BVs more leaky
cause of “apple green birefringence” on a congo red stain?
amyloid
what is amyloid?
derivative of abnormal plasma proteins
causes of amyloid?
renal failure
bronchiectasis
rheumatological disease eg lupus
how can diabetes affect the kidney?
causes nephrotic syndrome hypertension hypertrophy hyperfiltration pyelonephritis renal artery involvement -> ischaemia renal papillary necrosis
mural thickening on histology is caused by…
changes in glomerular capillaries eg cellular proliferation
nodular glomerulosclerosis is present in…
diabetic nephropathy
white/yellow deposits around the calyces and renal pyramids…
renal papillary necrosis
outline the components of the POSTCARDS mnemonic for causes of renal papillary necrosis
pyelonephritis obstruction sickle cell TB cirrhosis abuse (alcohol and analgesics) renal vein thrombosis diabetes systemic vasculitis
symptoms of renal papillary necrosis
loin pain
haematuria
fever
chills
what is the name of a cellular mass in bowman’s capsule that can compress the glomerulus and cause damage?
cellular crescent
when is a renal biopsy done?
assess for transplant rejection
make a diagnosis
pale cells on biopsy of a renal tumour indicates what type of tumour?
clear cell carcinoma
causative organisms of pyelonephritis?
e coli
enterobacter
proteus
pseudomonas
antibiotic given in primary care for pyelo?
co-amoxiclav
co-trimoxazole
antibiotic given in hospital for pyelo?
amoxicillin or cotrimoxazole PLUS gentamicin
complications of pyelo?
AKI
sepsis
cortical scarring
abscess formation
what do mesangial cells do?
provide support to capillaries and regulate blood flow by controlling their contractile status
what do podocytes do?
pack together to prevent passage of protein
where is the damage in nephrotic syndrome from GN?
podocytes
capillaries
what GN can be caused by haematological cancers?
minimal change
what will a child with minimal change nephropathy’s urinalysis look like?
protein +++
what is the only form of investigation that minimal change nephropathy will show up on?
electron microscope
what 2 forms of GN do not show up on immunofluroescence?
minimal change
FSGS
HIV/IVDU is a risk factor for what type of GN?
FSGS
what type of GN will show areas of mesangial collapse and sclerosis on light microscopy?
FSGS
what types of GN will show up on light microscopy
all except minimal change
main pathological process to the glomerulus in FSGS?
podocyte process fusion
what type of GN will show up with “spikes” on silver stain
membranous
which types of GN are proliferative?
membranoproliferative
RPGN
IgA
what is deposited in the membrane in membranous GN?
C3
IgG
presentation of membranoproliferative GN?
mixed nephrotic and nephritic syndrome
what is deposited in the membrane in membranoproliferative GN?
C3
what type of GN presents with a “tram track” GBM
membranoproliferative
membranoproliferative GN affects what cells?
mesangial cells
infection where can cause IgA nephropathy?
URTI
gastroenteritis
where is IgA deposited in IgA nephropathy?
mesangial ells
what other than IgA is deposited in the mesangial cells in IgA nephropathy?
C3
causes of RPGN
vasculitis eg MPA or GPA
lupus
henoch schonlein purpura
goodpastures
what antibody is present in goodpastures?
anti-GBM
presentation of RPGN?
AKI
haematuria
systemic illness
appearance of RPGN on light microscopy?
crescents around glomerulus
necrosis
pANCA deposits on immunofluroscence of RPGN indicates….
MPA
anti-GBM antibodies affect what type of collagen?
type 4
presentation of RPGN from goodpastures
AKI
haematuria
HAEMOPTYSIS
what antibody is deposited in the BM in goodpastures?
IgG
cannon-ball mets on CXR indicates?
renal cell carcinoma
most common type of RCC?
clear cell
2nd most common type of RCC?
`papillary
what type of RCC presents with elongated papillae with foamy cells?
papillary
which type of RCC presents with atypical nuclei resembling raisins on histology?
chromophobe
most aggressive type of RCC?
collecting duct
is an oncocytoma benign or malignant?
benign
which renal tumour presents with a central scar?
oncocytoma
SCC of bladder is caused by….
schistosomiasis
stones
catheter long term
SCC affects the whole urinary tract T or F
F, only affects epithelial lining of bladder
Tx of superifcial bladder cancer?
TURBT (transurethral resection)
local diathermy
Tx of invasive bladder cancer into detrusor/
radical cystectomy
