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2 Renal > Pathology Tutorial > Flashcards

Pathology Tutorial Flashcards

1
Q

what effect does amyloid have on BVs?

A

binds to capillary walls and makes BVs more leaky

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2
Q

cause of “apple green birefringence” on a congo red stain?

A

amyloid

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3
Q

what is amyloid?

A

derivative of abnormal plasma proteins

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4
Q

causes of amyloid?

A

renal failure
bronchiectasis
rheumatological disease eg lupus

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5
Q

how can diabetes affect the kidney?

A 
causes nephrotic syndrome
hypertension
hypertrophy
hyperfiltration
pyelonephritis
renal artery involvement -> ischaemia
renal papillary necrosis
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6
Q

mural thickening on histology is caused by…

A

changes in glomerular capillaries eg cellular proliferation

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7
Q

nodular glomerulosclerosis is present in…

A

diabetic nephropathy

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8
Q

white/yellow deposits around the calyces and renal pyramids…

A

renal papillary necrosis

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9
Q

outline the components of the POSTCARDS mnemonic for causes of renal papillary necrosis

A 
pyelonephritis
obstruction
sickle cell
TB
cirrhosis
abuse (alcohol and analgesics)
renal vein thrombosis
diabetes
systemic vasculitis
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10
Q

symptoms of renal papillary necrosis

A

loin pain
haematuria
fever
chills

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11
Q

what is the name of a cellular mass in bowman’s capsule that can compress the glomerulus and cause damage?

A

cellular crescent

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12
Q

when is a renal biopsy done?

A

assess for transplant rejection

make a diagnosis

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13
Q

pale cells on biopsy of a renal tumour indicates what type of tumour?

A

clear cell carcinoma

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14
Q

causative organisms of pyelonephritis?

A

e coli
enterobacter
proteus
pseudomonas

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15
Q

antibiotic given in primary care for pyelo?

A

co-amoxiclav

co-trimoxazole

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16
Q

antibiotic given in hospital for pyelo?

A

amoxicillin or cotrimoxazole PLUS gentamicin

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17
Q

complications of pyelo?

A

AKI
sepsis
cortical scarring
abscess formation

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18
Q

what do mesangial cells do?

A

provide support to capillaries and regulate blood flow by controlling their contractile status

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19
Q

what do podocytes do?

A

pack together to prevent passage of protein

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20
Q

where is the damage in nephrotic syndrome from GN?

A

podocytes

capillaries

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21
Q

what GN can be caused by haematological cancers?

A

minimal change

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22
Q

what will a child with minimal change nephropathy’s urinalysis look like?

A

protein +++

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23
Q

what is the only form of investigation that minimal change nephropathy will show up on?

A

electron microscope

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24
Q

what 2 forms of GN do not show up on immunofluroescence?

A

minimal change

FSGS

25
Q

HIV/IVDU is a risk factor for what type of GN?

A

FSGS

26
Q

what type of GN will show areas of mesangial collapse and sclerosis on light microscopy?

A

FSGS

27
Q

what types of GN will show up on light microscopy

A

all except minimal change

28
Q

main pathological process to the glomerulus in FSGS?

A

podocyte process fusion

29
Q

what type of GN will show up with “spikes” on silver stain

A

membranous

30
Q

which types of GN are proliferative?

A

membranoproliferative
RPGN
IgA

31
Q

what is deposited in the membrane in membranous GN?

A

C3

IgG

32
Q

presentation of membranoproliferative GN?

A

mixed nephrotic and nephritic syndrome

33
Q

what is deposited in the membrane in membranoproliferative GN?

A

C3

34
Q

what type of GN presents with a “tram track” GBM

A

membranoproliferative

35
Q

membranoproliferative GN affects what cells?

A

mesangial cells

36
Q

infection where can cause IgA nephropathy?

A

URTI

gastroenteritis

37
Q

where is IgA deposited in IgA nephropathy?

A

mesangial ells

38
Q

what other than IgA is deposited in the mesangial cells in IgA nephropathy?

A

C3

39
Q

causes of RPGN

A

vasculitis eg MPA or GPA
lupus
henoch schonlein purpura
goodpastures

40
Q

what antibody is present in goodpastures?

A

anti-GBM

41
Q

presentation of RPGN?

A

AKI
haematuria
systemic illness

42
Q

appearance of RPGN on light microscopy?

A

crescents around glomerulus

necrosis

43
Q

pANCA deposits on immunofluroscence of RPGN indicates….

A

MPA

44
Q

anti-GBM antibodies affect what type of collagen?

A

type 4

45
Q

presentation of RPGN from goodpastures

A

AKI
haematuria
HAEMOPTYSIS

46
Q

what antibody is deposited in the BM in goodpastures?

A

IgG

47
Q

cannon-ball mets on CXR indicates?

A

renal cell carcinoma

48
Q

most common type of RCC?

A

clear cell

49
Q

2nd most common type of RCC?

A

`papillary

50
Q

what type of RCC presents with elongated papillae with foamy cells?

A

papillary

51
Q

which type of RCC presents with atypical nuclei resembling raisins on histology?

A

chromophobe

52
Q

most aggressive type of RCC?

A

collecting duct

53
Q

is an oncocytoma benign or malignant?

A

benign

54
Q

which renal tumour presents with a central scar?

A

oncocytoma

55
Q

SCC of bladder is caused by….

A

schistosomiasis
stones
catheter long term

56
Q

SCC affects the whole urinary tract T or F

A

F, only affects epithelial lining of bladder

57
Q

Tx of superifcial bladder cancer?

A

TURBT (transurethral resection)

local diathermy

58
Q

Tx of invasive bladder cancer into detrusor/

A

radical cystectomy

2 Renal (34 decks)

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