Pathology 1 Flashcards
is focal or diffuse GN more common?
diffuse
pyelonephritis is an infection most commonly caused by which organism?
e. coli (bacteria)
what structures of the kidney are infected in pyelo?
renal pelvis
calyces
tubules
interstitium
what other organisms can less commonly cause pyelo?
pseudomonas
strep faecalis
pyelonephritis usually presents with what other condition and why?
cystitis; is an ascending infection
causes of pyelonephritis
UTI
septicaemia
post surgery
anatomical problems
risk factors for UTI?
pregnancy (dilated ureters = stasis of urine)
being female
obstruction
congenital abnormalities eg duplex ureter
diabetes
what is vesico-ureteric reflux?
a congenital abnormality; bacteria contracts during micturation but insufficient valves cause reflux of urine back up the ureters
appearance of a kidney with acute pyelonephritis on histology?
many neutrophils in renal tubules
what would you suspect in a patient with hypertension, produces a large volume of urine with vague symptoms?
chronic pyelonephritis
appearance of chronic pyelo on imaging?
coarse cortical scarring
distortion of calyces
infants cannot get chronic pyelonephritis T or F?
F
if a kidney appears blue in areas on histology, what could this be?
inflammatory cells
how do you get urinary tract TB?
haematogenous spread from another area (usually lungs)
symptoms of urinary tract TB?
vague symptoms eg weight loss, fever, loin pain
what does the urine look like? does it contain any bacteria (if so, what)?
pus in urine with NO organisms
what does a kidney with TB look like?
slow caseous (cheesy) appearance renal destruction
what kind of inflammation does TB cause?
granulomatous
what stain should be used to look at mycobacterium TB
zeehl-neilsen stain
4 main bacterial causes of cystitis?
e.coli
klebsiella
proteus
pseudomonas
what kind of inflammation does cystitis cause?
acute but can become necrotising
appearance of cystitis on histology?
cystitis cystica - large fluid filled cysts projecting into lumen
what tropical disease is a predisposing cause of urothelial malignancy? what kind of cancer does it cause?
schistosomiasis
squamous cell carcinoma
urethral obstruction is usually only found in which gender?
men
what can cause prolonged bladder outlet obstruction?
hypertrophy of detrusor muscle (working harder to get urine out)
what can cause urethral obstruction?
structure
posterior urethral valves
prostatic disease
main histological finding in hydronephrosis?
parenchymal atrophy
name the 2 main causes of hydronephrosis
urinary tract obstruction
reflux
there is dilatation of the ___ system of the kidney in hydronephrosis
pelvicalyceal
name causes of hydronephrosis that cause bilaterally affected kidneys?
urethral or ureteric obstruction eg by cancer
VUR
name causes of hydronephrosis that cause a unilaterally affected kidney
calculi
neoplasm
pelviureteric obstruction
strictures
hydronephrosis can develop into…
pyelonephrosis
if the hydronephrosis is sudden and complete with oliguria, what is it unlikely cause?
pelvicalyceal dilatation
gradual and partial onset of hydronephrosis indicates what cause?
pelvicalyceal dilatation
where is the prostate situated in relation to the bladder?
around the bladder neck
what does a pathological bladder look like?
thickened wall
hypertrophic/dilated
criss/crossing of detrusor muscle
