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2 Renal > Renal, Penile and Testicular Cancer > Flashcards

Renal, Penile and Testicular Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what mnemonic should be used when learning the pathology of a disease

A

in a surgeon’s gown a physician may make some progress

incidence
age
sex
geographic
aetiology
predisposing factors
macroscopic appearance
microscopic appearance
spread
prognosis
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2
Q

what type of cancer affects the renal pelvis?

A

transition cell carcinoma

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3
Q

what imaging is best to differentiate a cyst from a solid mass?

A

USS

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4
Q

what imaging is best to differentiate a tumour from a haemorrhage?

A

MRI

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5
Q

Ix for benign renal cysts?

A

USS

contrast CT if concerned

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6
Q

Ix of angiomyolipoma?

A

CT

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7
Q

main complication of angiomyolipoma?

A

haemorrhage

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8
Q

an oncocytoma is a benign cancer T or F

A

T

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9
Q

what tumour presents with a central scar on CT?

A

oncocytoma

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10
Q

which benign renal tumour is the hardest to diagnose?

A

oncocytoma

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11
Q

classic triad of renal cell carcinoma?

A

loin pain
mass
haematuria

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12
Q

what paraneoplastic symptoms will patients with RCC present with?

A

weight loss
anaemia
hypertension
hypercalcaemia

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13
Q

why do patients with RCC present with loin pain?

A

necrosis of fat

bleeding into collecting system (clots in ureter)

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14
Q

why do you get hypercalcaemia in RCC?

A

make parathyroid peptide as these tumours are VERY metabolically active

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15
Q

RCC is a tumour of the ___

A

epithelium

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16
Q

young patient presents with multiple cysts and benign tumours….

A

von hippel lindau

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17
Q

inheritance of VHL?

A

autosomal dominant

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18
Q

if a young person presents with bilateral RCC what are they likely to have as well?

A

von hippel lindau syndrome

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19
Q

Ix of RCC?

A

USS
CT contrast
renal biopsy

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20
Q

Tx of RCC?

A

radical nephrectomy (adrenals spared)
partial nephrectomy
ablation

21
Q

should you take out the adrenal gland in a nephrectomy?

A

no

22
Q

main aim of a partial nephrectomy?

A

spare the nephron

23
Q

a small renal mass is under _cm

A

4

24
Q

Ix for a small renal mass?

A

renal biopsy - benign/malignant

25
Q

what is BXO?

A

balanitis xerotica obliterans (white scarring of the foreskin)

26
Q

presentation of BXO?

A

white patches
fissuring
bleeding
scarring

27
Q

Tx of BXO?

A

dilation of meatal stenosis
circumcision
glans resurfacing

28
Q

most common carcinoma in situ of penis?

A

squamous

29
Q

appearance of squamous carcinoma in situ of penis?

A

erythroplasia of glans, prepuse or shaft

red velvety patces

30
Q

Tx of squamous carcinoma in situ?

A

circumcision

topical 5-fluorocil

31
Q

presentation of carcinoma of penis?

A

red raised area on penis
fungating mass
foul smelling
phimosis

32
Q

what age is most commonly affected by penile carcinoma?

A

80yrs

33
Q

cause of penile carcinoma?

A

HPV type 16

34
Q

Ix of penile carcinoma?

A

biopsy
USS
physical examination

35
Q

Tx of carcinoma of penis?

A

surgery- total/partial penectomy
LN biopsy if spread
radiotherapy

36
Q

what lymph nodes can a penile carcinoma spread to?

A

inguinal lymph nodes

37
Q

carcinoma of the penis is a squamous cell carcinoma T or F

A

T

38
Q

testicular tumours are extremely painful T or F

A

F, painless and insensitive

39
Q

where do testicular tumours metastasise to?

A

neck nodes

dyspnoea

40
Q

gold standard Ix for testicular tumour?

A

USS

41
Q

what investigations should be done to stage a testicular tumour?

A

CT abdo/thorax

CXR

42
Q

give example of a testicular tumour?

A

seminoma

teratoma

43
Q

HCG is raised in what testicular tumour?

A

teratoma mainly

44
Q

what markers should be tested in a testicular tumour?

A

AFP
HCG
LDH

45
Q

Tx of testicular tumour?

A

orchidectomy of testicle

46
Q

peak age for a testicular tumour?

A

20-35yrs

47
Q

risk is much greater if you had an undescended testis as a child T orF

A

T

48
Q

what type of teratoma always has an elevated HCG level?

A

trophoblastic

2 Renal (34 decks)

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