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Anatomy > Urinary Tract (Ch 27) > Flashcards

Urinary Tract (Ch 27) Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the urinary tract?

A
  1. ureters
  2. bladder
  3. urethra
    - -> NOT kidneys
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2
Q

Ureter

A
  • -> how urine exits the body
  • fibromuscular tubes located peritoneally
  • ureters go from kidney inferiorly to bladder
  • urine transported by gravity/peristaltic waves (smooth musc in ureter wall)
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3
Q

Kidney Stones

A

a.k.a. “renal calculus”
when minerals filtering through the kidneys accumulate = crystals
-80% in men

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4
Q

How do you identify kidney stones?

A

Location: kidney, ureter, bladder
Type: calcium, struvite, uric acid

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5
Q

What causes kidney stones?

A
  • dehydration
  • abnormal pH of urine
  • over saturation of calcium/uric acid/oxialate
  • block of urine flow
  • bacterial infection
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6
Q

Urinary Bladder

A

muscular sac that stores/expels urine

  • holds up to 1 liter of urine (stretches as it fills)
  • lies on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis
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7
Q

What is the mucosa of the urinary bladder composed of?

A

transitional epithelium + lamina propria

-has rugae (“folds”) that will expand

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8
Q

what is the function of the detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder?

A

contracts/squeezes urine from bladder

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9
Q

Urethra

A

tube lined with smooth muscle + mucosa

  • -> drains urine from bladder
  • longer in males (composed of prostatic, intermediate, and spongy urethra)
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10
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

created by the thickening of the detrusor muscle

  • at the bladder/urethra junction
  • relaxation INVOLUNTARY
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11
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

surrounds urethra w/skeletal muscle sheet
–> inhibits urine
Females: close to outside of body, males: at base of penis
*potty training = learning to control
*relaxation VOLUNTARY

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12
Q

Micturition

A
  • urination
  • controlled by brain (pons) –> when bladder is distended (full) stretch receptors send signals to pons –> detrusor muscle stimulated to squeeze out urine
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13
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. eliminate nitrogenous wastes + excess ions (storage/excretion of urine)
  2. maintain ion balance, acid-base balance, regulates blood volume
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14
Q

Kidney Anatomy

A
  • bean shaped structure
  • located in retroperitoneal position
  • protected by floating ribs
  • filters blood
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15
Q

Structures of the kidney

A 
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pyramid (in renal medulla)
renal pelvis
renal column
ureter
fibrous capsule
papilla of pyramid
minor/major calyx
hilium
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16
Q

Kidney Blood Supply

A
  1. renal arteries branch
  2. travel through renal columns
  3. reach afferent arterioles
    - -> form capillary network (glomerulus)
  4. once blood is filtered…exits through efferent arteriole
  5. branch into peritubular capillaries surrounding nephron structures
  6. drain into interlobar vessels
17
Q

Vasa Recta

A

peritubular capillaries around Loop of Henle

18
Q

peritubular capillaries

A
  • kidney

- adapted to absorb materials not retained in filtrate (becoming urine)

19
Q

The nephron

A
  • smallest functional unit of kidney
  • site of filtration of water from blood (filtrate –> urine)
  • millions of nephrons in each renal pyramid
20
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  1. Cortical (85%): mostly located in cortex

2. Juxtamedullary (15%) –> very long loops, help concentrate urine

21
Q

What are the two main parts of nephrons?

A
  1. Renal Corpuscle

2. Renal Tubules

22
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

glomerulus + glomerular (“bowmans”) capsule

  • capillary bed
  • afferent arterioles bring blood in
  • glomerular capsule captures filtrate pushed out of capillaries
23
Q

How do blood and filtrate enter/exit the nephron?

A

blood: enters via afferent arteriole, exits via effferent arteriole
filtrate: enters via afferent arteriole, leaks out glomerulus, exits via proximal convoluted tubule

24
Q

What is filtrate?

A

water, waste, salt, glucose

25
Q

Structure of Renal Tubules

A 
filtrate --> tubules (via renal corpuscle)
Include:
-Proximal Convoluted Tubule
-Loop of Henle
-Distal Convoluted Tubule
-Collecting Duct
26
Q

Renal Tubules: Proximal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • made of cuboid epithelial cells

- secretory/absorptive (reabsorbs solutes/nutrients)

27
Q

Renal Tubules: Loop of Henle

A
  • descending limb permeable: simple squamous epithelium

- ascending limb permeable to water (reabsorb water)

28
Q

Renal Tubules: Distal Convoluted Tubule

A
  • made of cuboid epithelial cells
  • selectively secretory/absorptive (secretes ions)
  • -> exits into collecting ducts
29
Q

Three steps of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
30
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A
  • in glomerulus
    1. blood is filtered into filtrate (water and wastes)
    2. exit out of renal corpuscle into PCT
  • -> movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into capsular space
31
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A
  • in PCT and Loop of Henle (Nephron Loop)

- ->movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood, absorption of ions and water

32
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

*in DCT
secretion of potassium and hydrogen
–> movement of substances from blood into tubular fluid

33
Q

renal column

A

divide kidney up into portions (renal pyramids)

34
Q

flow through kidney

A

renal column–>renal pyramid–>renal papilla–>minor calyx–> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

35
Q

Hilum

A

indentation on kidney where renal artery, renal vein, and ureter enter/exit the kidney

Anatomy (25 decks)

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