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Anatomy > Respiratory System (Ch 25) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (Ch 25) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing): inhale gases/exhale gases
  2. External Respiration: gas exchange between atmosphere and blood
  3. Internal Respiration: gas exchange from blood to cells by capillaries)
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2
Q

What are the functional zones of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Conducting Zone: filtering, warming, and humidifying air/carrying it to lungs (most of resp system)
  2. Respiratory Zone: gas exchange within the lungs (alveoli, alveolar ducts
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3
Q

What are the respiratory system tracts?

A
  1. Upper Respiratory Tract: nasal cavity –> sinuses –> pharynx
  2. Lower Respiratory Tract: larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> lungs (also include pleura + diaphragm)
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4
Q

What forms the nose?

A
  • nasal bone
  • frontal bones
  • maxillary bone
  • hyaline cartilage at tip of nose
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5
Q

What is the septum of the nose?

A

midline of nose formed by several bones

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6
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

formed by the hard and soft palates

-divide nasal cavity from mouth

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7
Q

What is the function of the nose?

A

“air conditioner”

-filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air

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8
Q

Nose and Nasal Cavity

A

–> composed of bone and cartilage

Includes: nares (nostrils), nasal hairs (filter particles), capillaries (warm air), mucus membranes, and nasal conchae

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9
Q

Nasal Conchae

A
  • folds on the nose’s lateral walls (superior/middle/inferior) covered by a mucus membrane
  • function: increase SA of mucus membrane to help moisten air
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10
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A
  • hollow sparse lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • drain into nasal cavity via ducts
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11
Q

Pharynx

A

a. k.a. the throat
- 3 parts
- passageway for food/air

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12
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • posterior to nasal cavity, superior to soft palate
  • lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium (for protection, to secrete mucus)
  • air passage only
  • pharyngotypanic (auditory) tube opens into lateral wall of nasopharynx (drains middle ear
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13
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • posterior to oral cavity
  • food passage here
  • becomes stratified squamous epithelium (protection)
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14
Q

Laryngopharynx

A
  • posterior to larynx, connects to esophagus AND larynx
  • food passage here
  • becomes stratified squamous epithelium (protection)
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15
Q

Olfactory Nerves

A

Located in upper part of nasal cavity, detects smell

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16
Q

Larynx

A

a.k.a. the voice box
-anterior to esophagus, opens into laryngopharynx
-attaches to hyoid bone superiorly and trachea inferiorly
Functions:
1. produces vocalizations
2. provides open airway
3. routes air/food to proper tube

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17
Q

What are the parts of the larynx?

A
  1. Epiglottis

2. Glottis

18
Q

Epiglottis

A

superior part of larynx

  • cartilage covered in mucosa (epithelial tissue)
  • attaches to thyroid cartilage and bone
  • covers larynx during swallowing (flips over glottis to seal off)
  • opens up during breathing
19
Q

Glottis

A
  • -> sound production

- vocal folds: tightness determines pitch, size determines loudness

20
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A
  • largest laryngeal cartilage

- shaped like a shield, forms the lateral and anterior walls of the larynx

21
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A
  • ring-shaped cartilage

- located inferior to the thyroid cartilage

22
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A
  • posterior to larynx

- one of three paired cartilages

23
Q

True vocal fold

A
  • part of glottis

- make noise when air passes between

24
Q

Trachea

A

-connects larynx to bronchi, anterior to esophagus
-branches into left and right main bronchi at sternal angle
Structure:
-hyaline cartilage rings –> won’t collapse
-trachealis muscles (smooth muscle), cough –> contract
-ciliated epithelium

25
Q

Trachea in relation to esophagus

A
  • trachea is anterior to esophagus
  • posterior part of trachea is soft tissue –> allowing trachea to expand to breathe without constricting the esophagus during feeding
26
Q

What does the brachial tree look like?

A

trachea –> main bronchi –> lobar bronchi –> segmental bronchioles

27
Q

Bronchioles and Alveoli

A

-smallest part of respiratory system, end of respiratory passageway
bronchi –> terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts –> alveolar sacs –> alveoli

28
Q

Alveoli

A

allow for gas diffusion between respiratory system and capillaries

29
Q

Pleural Cavity

A 
between visceral (line lung) and parietal (line body wall) pleurae
-fluid within decreases friction, creates surface tension that helps expand lung when thoracic cavity expands
30
Q

Hemothorax

A

blood in pleural cavity, lungs cannot fully expand

31
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air in pleural cavity –> collapsed lung

32
Q

Which body cavity contains the lungs?

A

thoracic cavity

33
Q

Why are lungs so light and elastic?

A

filled with air and composed of elastic fibers, surrounded by pleural sacs filled with fluid

34
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

the indentation of the heart in the left lung

35
Q

Positioning of lungs

A

apex of lung protrudes superior to clavicle

bases of lung rest on diaphragm

36
Q

What is the hilum? What is the function of this region?

A
  • region where blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels, and nerves enter/exit lung
  • “root” of lung - attaches it to rest of mediastinum
37
Q

What are the part of ventilation?

A

Inspiration and Expiration

38
Q

Inspiration

A
  1. muscles contract (diaphragm, external/internal intercostals)
  2. lungs expand
  3. air pulled in (increased volume, decreased pressure)
39
Q

Expiration

A
  1. muscles relax (diaphragm, external/internal intercostals)
    - ->abdominal muscles contract, pushing diaphragm back up
  2. lungs shrink
  3. air forced out (decreased volume, increased pressure)
    * usually passive
40
Q

What are the fissures of the lungs?

A

RIGHT:

  1. Horizontal Fissure
  2. Oblique Fissure

LEFT:
1. Oblique Fissure

41
Q

Horizontal Fissure

A

separates the superior from the middle lobe in right lung ONLY

42
Q

Oblique Fissure

A

separates the middle from the inferior lobe

Anatomy (25 decks)

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