Respiratory System (Ch 25)

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing): inhale gases/exhale gases
2. External Respiration: gas exchange between atmosphere and blood
3. Internal Respiration: gas exchange from blood to cells by capillaries)

Question 2

What are the functional zones of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

1. Conducting Zone: filtering, warming, and humidifying air/carrying it to lungs (most of resp system)
2. Respiratory Zone: gas exchange within the lungs (alveoli, alveolar ducts

Question 3

What are the respiratory system tracts?

Answer 3

1. Upper Respiratory Tract: nasal cavity –> sinuses –> pharynx
2. Lower Respiratory Tract: larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> lungs (also include pleura + diaphragm)

Question 4

What forms the nose?

Answer 4

• nasal bone
• frontal bones
• maxillary bone
• hyaline cartilage at tip of nose

Question 5

What is the septum of the nose?

Answer 5

midline of nose formed by several bones

Question 6

What is the floor of the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

formed by the hard and soft palates

-divide nasal cavity from mouth

Question 7

What is the function of the nose?

Answer 7

“air conditioner”

-filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air

Question 8

Nose and Nasal Cavity

Answer 8

–> composed of bone and cartilage

Includes: nares (nostrils), nasal hairs (filter particles), capillaries (warm air), mucus membranes, and nasal conchae

Question 9

Nasal Conchae

Answer 9

• folds on the nose’s lateral walls (superior/middle/inferior) covered by a mucus membrane
• function: increase SA of mucus membrane to help moisten air

Question 10

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 10

• hollow sparse lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• drain into nasal cavity via ducts

Question 11

Pharynx

Answer 11

a. k.a. the throat
- 3 parts
- passageway for food/air

Question 12

Nasopharynx

Answer 12

• posterior to nasal cavity, superior to soft palate
• lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium (for protection, to secrete mucus)
• air passage only
• pharyngotypanic (auditory) tube opens into lateral wall of nasopharynx (drains middle ear

Question 13

Oropharynx

Answer 13

• posterior to oral cavity
• food passage here
• becomes stratified squamous epithelium (protection)

Question 14

Laryngopharynx

Answer 14

• posterior to larynx, connects to esophagus AND larynx
• food passage here
• becomes stratified squamous epithelium (protection)

Question 15

Olfactory Nerves

Answer 15

Located in upper part of nasal cavity, detects smell

Question 16

Larynx

Answer 16

a.k.a. the voice box
-anterior to esophagus, opens into laryngopharynx
-attaches to hyoid bone superiorly and trachea inferiorly
Functions:
1. produces vocalizations
2. provides open airway
3. routes air/food to proper tube

Question 17

What are the parts of the larynx?

Answer 17

1. Epiglottis

2. Glottis

Question 18

Epiglottis

Answer 18

superior part of larynx

• cartilage covered in mucosa (epithelial tissue)
• attaches to thyroid cartilage and bone
• covers larynx during swallowing (flips over glottis to seal off)
• opens up during breathing

Question 19

Glottis

Answer 19

• -> sound production

- vocal folds: tightness determines pitch, size determines loudness

Question 20

Thyroid Cartilage

Answer 20

• largest laryngeal cartilage

- shaped like a shield, forms the lateral and anterior walls of the larynx

Question 21

Cricoid Cartilage

Answer 21

• ring-shaped cartilage

- located inferior to the thyroid cartilage

Question 22

Arytenoid cartilages

Answer 22

• posterior to larynx

- one of three paired cartilages

Question 23

True vocal fold

Answer 23

• part of glottis

- make noise when air passes between

Question 24

Trachea

Answer 24

-connects larynx to bronchi, anterior to esophagus
-branches into left and right main bronchi at sternal angle
Structure:
-hyaline cartilage rings –> won’t collapse
-trachealis muscles (smooth muscle), cough –> contract
-ciliated epithelium

Question 25

Trachea in relation to esophagus

Answer 25

- trachea is anterior to esophagus - posterior part of trachea is soft tissue --> allowing trachea to expand to breathe without constricting the esophagus during feeding

Question 26

What does the brachial tree look like?

Answer 26

trachea --> main bronchi --> lobar bronchi --> segmental bronchioles

Question 27

Bronchioles and Alveoli

Answer 27

-smallest part of respiratory system, end of respiratory passageway bronchi --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveolar sacs --> alveoli

Question 28

Alveoli

Answer 28

allow for gas diffusion between respiratory system and capillaries

Question 29

Pleural Cavity

Answer 29

``` between visceral (line lung) and parietal (line body wall) pleurae -fluid within decreases friction, creates surface tension that helps expand lung when thoracic cavity expands ```

Question 30

Hemothorax

Answer 30

blood in pleural cavity, lungs cannot fully expand

Question 31

Pneumothorax

Answer 31

air in pleural cavity --> collapsed lung

Question 32

Which body cavity contains the lungs?

Answer 32

thoracic cavity

Question 33

Why are lungs so light and elastic?

Answer 33

filled with air and composed of elastic fibers, surrounded by pleural sacs filled with fluid

Question 34

What is the cardiac notch?

Answer 34

the indentation of the heart in the left lung

Question 35

Positioning of lungs

Answer 35

apex of lung protrudes superior to clavicle | bases of lung rest on diaphragm

Question 36

What is the hilum? What is the function of this region?

Answer 36

- region where blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels, and nerves enter/exit lung - "root" of lung - attaches it to rest of mediastinum

Question 37

What are the part of ventilation?

Answer 37

Inspiration and Expiration

Question 38

Inspiration

Answer 38

1. muscles contract (diaphragm, external/internal intercostals) 2. lungs expand 3. air pulled in (increased volume, decreased pressure)

Question 39

Expiration

Answer 39

1. muscles relax (diaphragm, external/internal intercostals) - ->abdominal muscles contract, pushing diaphragm back up 2. lungs shrink 3. air forced out (decreased volume, increased pressure) * usually passive

Question 40

What are the fissures of the lungs?

Answer 40

RIGHT: 1. Horizontal Fissure 2. Oblique Fissure LEFT: 1. Oblique Fissure

Question 41

Horizontal Fissure

Answer 41

separates the superior from the middle lobe in right lung ONLY

Question 42

Oblique Fissure

Answer 42

separates the middle from the inferior lobe