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Anatomy > Axial Skeleton (Ch 7) > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton (Ch 7) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the axial skeleton?

A 
skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column
thoracic cage
-80 named bones
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2
Q

What are the functions of the axial skeleton?

A
  1. supports head, neck, and trunk

2. protects brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs

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3
Q

Foramen

A

a hole in a bone

–> typically for nerves/blood vessels

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4
Q

Fossa

A

a depression in a bone

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5
Q

Process

A

projection from a bone, narrow or wide, protrudes from surrounding bone

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6
Q

Meatus

A

hole/tube-like structure

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7
Q

Canal

A

a groove/tube-like structure, passageway for nerves/blood vessels

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8
Q

The Skull

A
  • 28 bones (complex!)
  • mostly flat bones formed via intramembranous ossification
  • bones united by sutures
  • subdivides into cranial and facial divisions
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9
Q

What are sutures?

A

interlocking, immoveable joints

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10
Q

What are the functions of the cranial bones?

A
  1. protect brain

2. provide attachment for some head/neck muscles

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11
Q

What are the functions of the facial bones?

A
  1. form framework of face
  2. openings for passage of food/air
  3. hold the teeth
  4. anchor muscles of the teeth
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12
Q

What are the subdivisions of the cranium?

A
  1. Vault: superior, lateral, and posterior bones of the skull (including the forehead)
  2. Base: inferior part of the crainum
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13
Q

What are the bones of the cranium?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Occipital
  3. Sphenoid
  4. Ethmoid
  5. Parietals (2)
  6. Temporals (2)
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14
Q

Coronal Suture

A

between the frontal and two parietal bones

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15
Q

Squamous Sutures

A

between temporal and parietal bones (lateral)

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16
Q

Lambdoid Suture

A

between parietal bones and occipital bone

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17
Q

Saggital Suture

A

runs along midline of skull, between parietal bones

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18
Q

Frontal Bone

A
  • makes up forehead
    1. Superciliary Arches: deep to eyebrows at superior edge of orbit
    2. Labella: superior to bridge of nose, smooth medial part
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19
Q

Parietal Bones

A
  • posterior to frontal bone, make up most of superior part of skull
  • touch saggital/lambdoid sutures
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20
Q

Occipital Bone

A
  • bone at back of head, posterior to cranium/cranial base
  • foramen magnum
  • occipital condyles
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21
Q

foramen magnum

A

large opening of occipital bone the allows spinal cord to pass and connect with the brain

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22
Q

occipital condyles

A

where the skull articulates with the vertebral column

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23
Q

Temporal Bones

A
  • paired temporal bones house opening to ear, base of cheekbone
  • 3 main regions: petrous, tympanic, squamous
  • -> petrous best seen internally (contains middle/inner ear cavities)
  • External Acoustic Meatus
  • mastoid/styloid processes: sites of muscle attachment
  • TMJ
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24
Q

External Acoustic Meatus

A

opening in tympanic region leading to middle/inner ear

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25
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A

the condylar process of the lower jaw fits into a depression in the temporal bone (mandibular fossa) –> creates jaw joint

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26
Q

Middle Ear Cavity

A

3 ossicles in middle ear

  1. Malleus (lateral) “hammer”
  2. Incus “anvil”
  3. Stapes (medial) “stirrup”
    - -> sound waves cause vibrations that are transmitted to the inner ear
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27
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

large/wing-shaped bone

  • landmark: sella turcica
  • only cranial bone that articulates with every other cranial bone
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28
Q

Sella Turcica

A

in sphenoid bone

-bony depression that holds pituitary gland (“master gland”)

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29
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A
  • just anterior to the sphenoid –> forms roof of nasal cavity
  • takes up most of area between nasal cavity and orbits
  • forms some boundaries of nasal cavity = separates nasal cavity from brain
  • peaks up into frontal bone
  • includes: cribriform plate and crista galli
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30
Q

cribriform plate

A

in ethmoid bone

  • helps form roof of nasal cavities; foramina allow passage of olfactory nerves into brain = smell
  • superior
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31
Q

crista galli

A

in ethmoid bone

  • attaches to cribriform plate; separates nasal cavity from brain
  • site of attachment for dura mater (brain membrane)
  • inferior
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32
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • lateral walls made up of nasal bones
  • nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
  • frontal process of maxillae
  • perpendicular plate of the palatines
  • floor made up of hard palates –> formed by palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of palatine
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33
Q

What are the bones of the facial skeleton?

A
  • 14 bones
    1. Mandible
    2. Vomer
    3. Two Nasals
    4. Two Lacrimals
    5. Two Maxillae
    6. Two Zygomatic
    7. Two Palatine
    8. Two Inferior Nasal Conchae
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34
Q

Maxilla

A

-makes up part of nasal cavity, oral cavity, and orbit
-forms upper jaw
-articulates with ALL facial bones (except mandible)
Includes:
-alveolar, frontal, zygomatic processes
-infraorbital foramen

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35
Q

What is the alveolar process?

A

part of maxilla- contains teeth

36
Q

What are the frontal processes?

A

part of maxilla- extend upward to reach frontal bone

37
Q

What are the zygomatic processes?

A

part of maxilla- articulate with zygomatic bone

38
Q

What is the infraorbital foramen?

A

part of maxilla- provides passage for infraorbital artery, vein, and nerve (below orbit)

39
Q

The Orbit (what bones are the walls formed by?)

A
  • supports the eyes and muscles that move them
  • include fat and tear producing glands
  • walls formed by frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones
40
Q

Palate

A

-hard palate = ventral maxillary bones (anteriorly) and the palatine bones (posteriorly)

41
Q

Inferior Nasal Septum

A

-vomer forms inferior portion of nasal septum

42
Q

Cleft Palate

A

failure of the two sides of palate to join during development

  • opening between mouth and nasal cavity makes nursing hard
  • surgery –> good outcomes
43
Q

Mandible

A

-largest/strongest bone in face
-body contains lower teeth
-tooth sockets on superior border
Two parts: ramus (superior/inferior) and body (anterior/posterior)

Includes:

  • mandibular symphysis
  • mental protuberance
  • mental foramen
  • condylar process
  • coronoid process
44
Q

mandibular symphysis

A

in mandible- where two halves of body join to form the chin (mental protuberance)

45
Q

mental protuberance

A

on mandible- chin

46
Q

mental foramen

A

in mandible- opening below teeth for vessels/nerves

47
Q

condylar process

A

in mandible- articulate with temporal bone to form the TMJ (on both sides of jaw)

48
Q

coronoid process

A

in mandible- serves as attachment site for temporalis (chewing) muscle

49
Q

Fetal/Infant Skull

A
  • skull bones not yet fully joined –> allows head to deform as it passes through the birth canal/allows brain growth
  • fontanelles: sturdy membranous covering between cranial joints
  • bones fuse over time
  • cranium is proportionally huge relative to face in infancy
50
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

fetal sutures fuse too early, surgically correctable

51
Q

The Hyoid

A
  • “free floating” bone in neck inferior to mandible
  • only bone in skeleton that doesn’t articulate with another bone
  • acts as base for tongue, site for muscle attachments for muscles that move larynx/tongue muscles
52
Q

Thoracic Cage parts

A

includes: thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and costal cartilages

53
Q

What are the functions of the thoracic cage?

A
  1. protect heart, lungs, and other organs
  2. supports pectoral girdle
  3. provides attachment points for upper limb and trunk muscles
  4. intercostal spaces hold muscles that aid in breathing
54
Q

Sternum

A

3 bones: manubrium, body, xiphoid process
-articulates with clavicles and ribs/costal cartilage
Includes:
-jugular notch
-sternal angle

55
Q

Rib Cage

A

Function: protects internal organs, aids in respiration

  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • all ribs attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
    1. true ribs: attach to sternum by costal cartilage
    2. false ribs: no direct attachment to sternum
    3. floating ribs: do not attach anteriorly (just to vertebrae)
56
Q

Rib Structure

A
  • main part = shaft (body)
  • articulates with vertebrae at head and tubercle
  • “neck” = thinner region between head and tubercle
  • “head” = two demifacets (one attaches to body of “its” vertebra and one attaches to the superior vertebra)
  • tubercle articulates with a facet on the transverse process of vertebrae
57
Q

The Vertebral Column

A
  • 26 vertebrae (7-12-5-5-4)
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral (fuse into 1)
  • 4 coccyx (fuse into 1)
58
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. protect spinal cord
  2. support body axis
  3. attachment points for ribs/muscles of neck/back
  4. anchor pectoral and pelvic girdles
59
Q

“Typical” Vertebra

A
  • vertebral arch (includes pedicles/lamina)
  • spinous process
  • transverse process
  • articular processes/facets
60
Q

vertebral arch

A
  • around vertebral foramen
  • protects spinal cord passing through vertebral foramen and spinal nerves traveling through INTERvertebral foramen
  • -> includes: pedicles (between transverse process/body) and lamina (between spinous/transverse process)
61
Q

spinous process

A

attachment site for muscles, most posterior

62
Q

transverse process

A

attachment sites for muscles (on lateral sides)

63
Q

articular processes/facets

A

where vertebrae articulate (joints)

64
Q

Vertebral Column/Spinal Cord

A
  • spinal cord passes through and is protected by the spinal canal
  • spinal nerves exit between body of the vertebra and neural arch in intervertebral disc (between each vertebra)
65
Q

Laminectomy

A

removal of one or more lamina in vertebrae

-take pressure off spinal cord = pain relief for pt with herniated disc

66
Q

Cervial Vertebrae

A
  • 7 (C1-C7)
  • transverse foramen on transverse process (major head artery goes through here)
  • articular facts face superior/inferior
  • bifid (split) spinous process
  • -> atlas/axis are unusual
67
Q

Atlas

A
  • C1
  • no body or spinous process
  • articulates with occipital condyles –> allows flexion/extension of head (nodding yes)
68
Q

Axis

A
  • C2

- dens articulates with Atlas –> allows rotational movement on anterior midline (shaking head no)

69
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • 12 (T1-T12)
  • COSTAL FACETS for ribs, on body/transverse processes
  • articular facets face anterior/posterior
  • spinous processes are long/project inferiorly
70
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • 5 (L1-L5)
  • in lower back
  • large bodies, support LOTS of weight
  • articular facets face medial/lateral
  • short/flat spinous processes, project almost anteriorly
71
Q

Sacrum

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • forms posterior wall of pelvis
  • Ala: “wings” on lateral sacrum articulate with hip bones to form SI joints
72
Q

Coccyx

A
  • 4 fused vertebrae

- “tailbone”

73
Q

Curves of the spine

A
  • increase flexibility and maintain center of gravity over body axis
  • curvature for each region (ex. sacral curvature)
74
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of spine

  • abnormal
  • usually treated with braces/surgery when young
75
Q

Kyphosis

A

*excessive curvature of thoracic spine
-typically result of spinal fractures caused by osteoporosis
(“Dowager’s Hump”)

76
Q

Lordosis

A
  • excessive curvature of lumbar spine

- usually temporary and resulting from shift in larger front load (ex. pregnancy/beer belly)

77
Q

cranial stenosis

A

early fusion of skull plates

78
Q

Where does the action of nodding happen?

A

between skull and axis

79
Q

Where does the action of shaking head “no” happen?

A

between atlas and axis

80
Q

What vertebrae has 3 holes?

A

cervical

81
Q

What vertebra has no body?

A

atlas

82
Q

What vertebra has a dens?

A

axis

83
Q

What vertebrae have one hole only?

A

thoracic and lumbar

84
Q

What vertebrae have costal facets?

A

thoracic

85
Q

What sinus is only completely drained when laying down?

A

maxillary sinus

Anatomy (25 decks)

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