Appendicular Skeleton (Ch 8) Flashcards

1
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A

attaches to upper limb

includes: L/R scapula, L/R clavicle

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2
Q

Clavicle

A

*collarbone
-spans superior throat
-S-shaped
-sternal end: attaches to manubrium of sternum (medial)
-acromial end: attaches to acromial process of scapula (lateral)
Functions: muscle attachment, acts as brace for scapula/arms
–> ligaments are strong- most likely to break, not dislocate

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3
Q

Scapula

A

-does NOT join to axial skeleton, attached by muscles/ligaments
-loose connection to clavicle
-lots of movement/flexible but not stable
-located on posterior surface of rib cage
Includes:
-scapular spine: on posterior side
-glenoid cavity (fossa) articles with humerus to form shoulder joint
-corocoid process: attachment to bicep muscle
-acromion attaches with acromial end of clavicle

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4
Q

Upper Limb

A
  • 30 bones
  • Arm: one bone, humerus
  • Forearm: two bones, ulna and radius
  • Hand (+wrist): 27 bones, carpals/metacarpals/phalanges
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5
Q

Humerus

A
  • longest bone of upper limb
  • head articulates with scapula at glenoid cavity
  • distal end articulates with radius/ulna
  • greater/lesser tubercles: sites of muscle attachment
  • -> deltoid tuberosity: attachment of deltoid
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6
Q

Where do most fractures of humerus occur?

A

at surgical neck (1) or mid shaft spiral fracture (2)

–> nerves run through an can be damaged, possibly permanent upper limb dysfunction

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7
Q

Ulna

A
  • trochlea of humerus articulates w/trochlear notch of ulna = hinge
  • coronoid process of ulna fits into coronoid fossa when forearm BENDS
  • olecranon fossa of humerus receives olecranon process of ulna when forearm EXTENDS
  • lateral/medial epicondyles on humerus are attachment sties for forearm muscles
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8
Q

Radius

A
  • capitulum of distal humerus articulates w/head of radius
  • radial head also articulates w/radial notch of ulna (proximal radioulnar joint) to form pivot joint –> elbow can bend/forearm can twist
  • ligaments that anchor the wrist attach to radial/ulnar styloid processes
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9
Q

Supination

A

palms up

-radius parallel to ulna

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10
Q

Pronation

A

palms down

-radius crosses over ulna

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11
Q

Wrist fractures

A
  • typically distal radius while catching self during fall –> scaphoid (bad blood supply–> severe fracture = necrosis of bone)
  • common in older females
  • “dinner fork” presentation
  • may lead to nerve damage/dysfunction
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12
Q

Carpals

A

*8 in wrist, two rows
-gliding movements
-endochondrial bone ossification
hamate-capitate-trapezoid-trapezium
pisiform-triquetrum-lunate-scaphoid

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13
Q

Metacarpals/Phalanges

A
  • 5 digits, numbered I-V (thumb to pinkie)
  • each has a metacarpal
  • digits II-V have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
  • -> thumb/pollex only has two (no middle)
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14
Q

Pelvis

A

“hip bones” + sacrum + coccyx

  • includes appendicular and axial skeletal bones
  • attaches lower limbs to spine (body weight basses through girdle) and support viscera
  • strong attachment to axial skeleton at SI joint (stable)
  • less freedom of movement compared to pectoral girdle
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15
Q

Ox Coxae

A

“hip bones”

  • acetabulum: lateral sockets where head of femur articulates (composed of all 3 pelvic bones)
  • two os coxae join anteriorly at pubic symphysis
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16
Q

Pelvic Inlet

A

space between pelvic and abdominal cavities (true and false pelves)

17
Q

Pelvic Brim

A

edge of pelvic inlet

18
Q

Pelvic Outlet

A

inferior opening defined by ischial tuberosities (bony future you sit on)

19
Q

Pelvic differences in males/females

A

Males- narrower, inlet = more heart shaped
Females- wider/shallower
*different angles

20
Q

Lower Limb

A
  • carry weight of body
  • bones are thicker/stronger than upper limb
  • femur is largest/strongest bone in body
21
Q

Femur

A
  • head of femur carried on neck that angles laterally to join the shaft
  • -> neck is weakest part
  • greater/lesser trochanters are sites of muscle attachment
  • lateral/medial condyles articulate with tibia (include lateral/medial epicondyles = raised part of condyle)
  • linea aspera: ridge along posterior diaphysis, used for muscle attachment
  • condyles are separated anteriorly by patellar surface and posteriorly by intercondylar fossa
22
Q

Patella

A
  • sesmoid bone (formed within CT) enclosed in the tendon of the quad muscle
  • protects knee joint/improves leverage of quad
23
Q

Tibia

A
  • large/more sturdy than fibula
  • located medially
  • articulates with femur (at knee) and talus (at ankle)
  • transmits weight body weight to foot
  • medial/lateral condyles articulate with condyles of femur
  • diaphysis is triangular with sharp anterior border (shin)
  • distal end is flattened for articulation with talus
  • medial malleolus projects to form ankle bone
  • superior/inferior articulations connected by interosseous membrane
24
Q

Fibula

A
  • smaller/thiner than tibia
  • located laterally
  • NO articulation with femur, only for stabilization at ankle
  • head on superior end, lateral malleolus in inferior end (ankle bone)
  • does NOT bear weight
  • superior/inferior articulations connected by interosseous membrane
25
Q

Ankle Fractures

A
  • common in sports, skiing, running
  • typically result of rolling/twisting
  • ligaments crossing the joint are strong –> usually remain intact but bones fracture
26
Q

Foot

A

-includes: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges (hallux=big toe)
Functions:
1. supports weight of body
2. acts as lever for moving body (walking/running)

27
Q

Tarsals

A

-body weight mostly carried by talus and calcaneus
-talus articulates with tibia/fibula anteriorly and calcaneus inferiorly
talus, calcaneus, acicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, medial cuneiform

28
Q

calcaneus

A

“heel”

-achilles tendon attaches to posterior surface and enables extension of foot

29
Q

Metatarsals/Phalanges

A
  • 5 digits, numbered I-V
  • 5 metatarsals
  • 3 Phalanges for each digit (II-V): proximal, middle, distal
  • -> hallux (big toe) has no middle phalange
30
Q

Arches of Foot

A
  1. Transverse: side to side between longitudinal arches
  2. Medial (Internal) Longitudinal: talus is key
  3. Lateral (External) Longitudinal: cuboid is key
    - -> supports/distributes body weight, 1/2 to heel, 1/2 to metatarsals
    - bones, ligaments, and tendons work together to maintain these
    - tendons can fail with time (over/underuse) –> fallen arches