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Anatomy > Histology (Ch 4) > Flashcards

Histology (Ch 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissues in the human body?

A
  1. Epithelia
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Neural
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2
Q

What is epithelial tissue? (basic)

A
  • layers of cells that cover body surfaces/line a body cavity
  • on outside/inside of an organ
  • sheet of cells at a boundary
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3
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Gate-keeping- passage of material in and out
  3. Secretion- glands
  4. Sensory Reception- have nerves
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4
Q

What is simple epithelial tissue?

A
  • single layer of cells
  • typically in protected areas of body
  • specialized for secretion/absorption
  • -> found in air sacs of lungs, intestines, blood vessels
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5
Q

What is stratified epithelial tissue?

A
  • multiple layers of cells
  • found in areas subjected to wear
  • -> found in vagina, esophagus, palm of hand
  • named according to the cell shapes at the top surface
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6
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A
  • thin/flat –> gas exchange (diffusion/filtration)

- alveoli of lungs, capillary beds, lining of heart/blood vessels

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7
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A
  • function: protect against abrasion
  • typically found where mechanical stresses are severe
  • ->surface of skin, mouth, esophagus, anus
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8
Q

keratinized vs. non-keratinized

A

keratinized: dryer environment, composed of dead cells on surface (ex. palm)
non-keratinized: may dry out (ex. mouth, vagina)

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9
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • function: secretion/absorption

- -> kidney tubules, surface of ovaries, glands

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10
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • function: protection/secretion

- -> ducts of sweat glands and in mammary glands

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11
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A
  • function: absorption/secretion
  • may be ciliated or have microvilli
  • -> stomach, small intestine, large intestine, uterine tubes
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12
Q

cilia

A

hairlike projections found on apical surface of epithelia,

–> most found in bronchial tubes to move mucus from lungs to throat

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13
Q

microvilli

A

tiny, cytoplasm projections on cells apical surface that increase surface area for absorption/secretion
-appear fuzzy under microscope

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14
Q

(Ciliated) Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A
  • function: secretion, population of mucus w/cilia

- found along most of respiratory tract (nasal cavity, bronchi, trachea)

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15
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A
  • rare
  • function: protection/excretion
  • -> portions of male urethra
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16
Q

What is Connective Tissue? (basic)

A
  • fills internal spaces
  • provides structural support for other tissues
  • transports materials within body
  • stores energy
17
Q

What are the characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?

A
  • supported by CT
  • have apical (free) and basal (fixed) surfaces
  • avascular (nutrients gained from apical and basal surfaces), but innervated (nerves but no blood vessels)
  • regenerative, replace lost cells quickly b/c of mitotic division
18
Q

What are characteristics of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. few cells

2. lots of extracellular matrix (ground substance + fibers)

19
Q

What is ground substance?

A

part of CT extracellular matrix

-secreted by cells, functions as cushion/support, may be gel-like or hard

20
Q

What are the protein fiber types of CT extracellular matrix?

A
  1. Collagen: strong/flexible, resist pulling, most abundant
  2. Elastic: rubber band, allows for stretching, thin
  3. Reticular: mesh-like, thinnest, form interwoven framework, tough but flexible, physically supports organs
21
Q

What is a tissue?

A

groups of cells of similar structure that work together to perform a common function

22
Q

What are the functions of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Structural framework for body (holds things together)
  2. Transports fluids/dissolved materals (ex. nutrients/wastes –> blood)
  3. Protects organs, supports blood vessels/nerves
  4. Supports, surrounds, and is interconnected with other types of tissues
  5. Stores energy reserves (ex. fat)
  6. Defends body from infection
23
Q

What are the divisions of connective tissue?

A
  1. CT Proper: many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a ground substance (loose/dense)
  2. Bone: structure/support
  3. Cartilage: structure/support
  4. Blood: fluid, RBC, WBC, carry nutrients, fight infection
24
Q

What is Loose Connective Tissue? Types?

A

fibers widely spaced in ground substance

  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Reticular
25
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar

A
  • -> widespread, least specialized
  • loose organization, mix of all three fibers
  • found beneath most epithelial tissue, surrounds most small nerves/blood vessels
  • functions: supports/binds other tissues, holds body fluids, defends against infection, stores nutrients
26
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose

A
  • -> made of fat cells (adipocytes)
  • stores nutrients, pads, absorbs shock, insulates
  • located below dermis in Sub Q, in body cavities, and surrounding organs
27
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular

A
  • -> only reticular fibers + cells
  • forms a scaffold to support other tissue/cell types
  • found in spleen, bone marrow, and LN
28
Q

What are the Dense Connective Tissue types?

A
  1. Regular
  2. Irregular
  3. Elastic
29
Q

What is Dense Connective Tissue (Regular)?

A
  • -> have collagen fibers packed tightly together, organized
    includes:
  • tendons: attach skeletal muscle to bones
  • ligaments: attach bone to bone
  • aponeurosis: thin, sheet-like tendons that attach flat muscle to another muscle or several bones
30
Q

What is Dense Connective Tissue (Irregular)?

A
  • -> have collagen fibers with NO consistent pattern
  • strengthen/support areas subject to stresses from many directions (dermis, periosteum - over bone)
  • found in fibrous capsule around organs such as liver, kidneys, spleen, bon, and joint cavities
31
Q

What is Dense Connective Tissue (Elastic)?

A
  • -> dominated by elastic fibers, stretchy

- found in walls of elastic arteries (aorta) and respiratory passageways (trachea)

32
Q

What is Muscular Tissue? (basic)

A

three types of muscle cells that contract to create movement

33
Q

What is Neural Tissue? (basic)

A

specialized for the conduction of nervous impulses, in brain/spinal cord

34
Q

What is Marfan Syndrome?

A

autosomal dominant disorder that affects connective tissues

  • symptoms: long arms/legs/fingers, concave chest, flexible joints
  • risk of death due to aortic dissection
35
Q

What are glands? Types?

A

epithelial tissues that secrete a product

  1. endocrine: secrete directly into tissue around them, have NO duct (ex. pancreas)
  2. exocrine: secrete onto body surfaces/cavities, have a duct (ex. sweat, mammary)

Anatomy (25 decks)

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