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Anatomy > Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Ch 16) > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Ch 16) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • sensory/motor innervation of body
  • two way conduction pathway for signals between brain and body
  • major center for reflexes (don’t need to go to brain to process)
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2
Q

Spinal Cord location

A

extends from foramen magnum to level of L1/L2

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3
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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4
Q

What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A

enlargements for nerves of upper/lower limbs

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5
Q

conus meullaris

A

the inferior end of the spinal cord (in L1 and L2)

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6
Q

cauda equina

A

nerve roots at inferior end of vertebral canal

“horses tail”

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7
Q

film terminale

A 
long filament (of pia mater) that extends past conus medullaris and attached to coccyx
"anchor"
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8
Q

deep gray matter of spinal cord

A

forms “H” at center

  • posterior (dorsal) arms of “H” are dorsal horns: contain sensory neurons
  • anterior arms of “H” are ventral horns: contain motor neurons
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9
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A

bone, meninges, and CSF

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10
Q

dural mater of spinal cord

A

spinal dural sheath

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11
Q

epidural space

A

filled with fat and veins

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12
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

anchor spinal cord to dura mater (pieces of pia mater, pierce the arachnoid, and anchor to dura)

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13
Q

Epidural Nerve Block

A

needle between L4-L5 permits injection of anesthesia into epidural space without risk of damage to spinal cord
-cauda equina pushed out of way if necessary

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14
Q

Anterior (Ventral)/Posterior (Dorsal) Roots

A
  • dorsal horns receive info from sensory neurons (cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia)
  • signals from sensory neurons reach spinal cord via dorsal roots
  • ventral horns send out info to skeletal muscle, signals going out to motor neurons travel via ventral roots
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15
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Dorsal/ventral roots merge to form spinal nerve

  • has sensory/motor axons
  • exits vertebral column at intervertebral foramina
  • immediately splits into dorsal/ventral rami
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16
Q

Dorsal (Posterior) and Ventral (Anterior) Rami

A
  • both carry sensory/motor fibers
  • ventral rami: innervate most of body including trunk/limbs
  • dorsal rami: innervate small portion of back
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17
Q

Reflexes

A
  • very simple neuron chain
  • basic structural plan of NS, usually preprogrammed
  • exclude brain: rapid, automatic, unlearned motor response to stimulus
  • can be somatic (hot stove) or visceral (vomiting)
  • signal comes in and synapses at interneurons in spinal cord
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18
Q

Dermatomes

A

area of skins applied by a single spinal nerve

  • all spinal nerves except C1
  • numbness can pinpoint a spinal nerve injury
  • referred pain: when pain from an organ is mistakenly referred to as a dermatome (ex. appendicitis)
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19
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A

a network of nerves formed only by VENTRAL RAMI

  • all spinal nerves expect T2-T12 branch and rejoin
  • each muscle in a limb receives it’s nerve supply from more than one spinal nerve –> damage to one spinal nerve cannot paralyze limb
  • -> four different plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral)
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20
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

C1-C5

  • ventral rami of first 4 cervical nerves
  • most branches innervate skin
  • some motor to anterior neck
  • phrenic nerve
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21
Q

phrenic nerve

A

*in cervical plexus
receives fibers from C3, C4, C5 and innervate diaphragm for respiration
“C3, C4, C5…keep the diaphragm alive”

22
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C5-T1

  • partly in neck, partly in axilla
  • gives rise to most nerves of upper limb
  • mixing of ventral rami of C5-C8 and most of ventral ramus of T1
23
Q

What are the components of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Ventral Rami (“roots”)
  2. Trunks
  3. Divisions
  4. Cords
  5. Branches
24
Q

Anterior Division of Brachial Plexus

A

nerves that innervate anterior compartment muscles of upper limb and skin

25
Q

Posterior Division of Brachial Plexus

A

nerves that serve posterior compartment muscles of upper limb and skin

26
Q

What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

A
  1. Musculotaneous Nerve
  2. Ulnar Nerve
  3. Median Nerve
  4. Axillary Nerve
  5. Radial Nerve
27
Q

Musculotaneous Nerve

A
  • terminal branch of brachial plexus
  • sensory innervation: skin sensation for lateral forearm
  • motor innervation: anterior compartment of arm
28
Q

Ulnar Nerve

A

*terminal branch of brachial plexus
“Funny Bone Nerve”
-sensory innervation: skin of medial hand, medial digit 4, and all of digit 5
-motor innervation: flexors and intrinsic hand muscles

29
Q

Median Nerve

A
  • terminal branch of brachial plexus
  • sensory innervation: skin of lateral palm, digits 1-3, and lateral side of digit 4
  • motor innervation: anterior compartment of forearm (with ulnar), intrinsic muscles of lateral palm, and muscles that oppose the thumb
30
Q

Median Nerve Lesion

A

“Carpal Tunnel Syndrome”

  • affects motor nerve –> thenar muscles
  • pain/numbness in lateral palm
  • form compression of nerve near hand
31
Q

Axillary Nerve

A
  • terminal branch of brachial plexus
  • sensory innervation: shoulder joint and skin on part of deltoid
  • motor innervation: teres minor and deltoid
32
Q

Radial Nerve

A
  • terminal branch of brachial plexus
  • sensory innervation: skin over doors-lateral arm, forearm, and hand
  • motor innervation: posterior compartment of arm and forearm (extensors)
33
Q

What are divisions of the Lumbar Plexus?

A

L1-L4

  1. Femoral Nerve
  2. Obturator nerve
34
Q

Femoral Nerve

A
  • divison of lumbar plexus
  • sensory innervation: skin of antero-medial thigh, skin of medial leg/foot
  • motor innervation: muscles of anterior thigh (quads, thigh flexors/leg extensors)
35
Q

Obturator Nerve

A
  • division of lumbar plexus
  • sensory innervation: skin of medial thigh
  • motor innervation: muscles of medial thigh (adductors - adductor longus, gracilis, adductor magnus/brevis)
36
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A
  • part of sacral plexus
  • tibial nerve + common fibular nerve together in a common sheath
  • longest/thickest nerve of the body
  • serves all of lower limb except anterior/medial thigh
37
Q

What are the nerves of the sacral plexus?

A
  1. Sciatic Nerve
  2. Common Fibular Nerve
  3. Tibial Nerve
38
Q

Common Fibular Nerve

A
  • part of sacral plexus (posterior division)
    a. k.a. peroneal nerve
  • sensory innervation: skin of antero-lateral leg, skin of dorsal on foot
  • motor innervation: muscles of anterior leg (deep fibular) and muscles of lateral leg (superficial fibular)
39
Q

Fibular Nerve Lesion

A

= “foot drop”

  • common fibular nerve is cut/bruised –> affects muscles
  • most commonly injured due to superficial location on lateral knee
40
Q

Tibial Nerve

A
  • part of sacral plexus (anterior division)
  • sensory innervation: skin of postero-lateral leg, skin of sole of foot (subdivides into plantar nerves)
  • motor innervation: muscles of posterior thigh/leg + adductor magnus (w/obturator) and biceps femurs (w/common fibular)
41
Q

Nerve Lesion: Phrenic

A

motor innervation: diaphragm

deficit: inability/difficulty breathing

42
Q

Nerve Lesion: Axillary

A

motor innervation: deltoid

deficit: difficulty abducting arm to 90 degrees

43
Q

Nerve Lesion: Musculotaneous

A

motor innervation: anterior arm

deficit: weakness flexing elbow

44
Q

Nerve Lesion: Median

A

motor innervation: anterior arm/thumb

deficit: weakness flexing wrist, difficulty opposing thumb, carpal tunnel syndrome

45
Q

Nerve Lesion: Radial

A

motor innervation: posterior arm/forearm

deficit: difficulty extending elbow, wrist drop

46
Q

Nerve Lesion: Ulnar

A

motor innervation: deep hand muscles
deficit: can’t adduct/abduct fingers
“funny bone”

47
Q

Nerve Lesion: Femoral

A

motor innervation: anterior thigh muscles

deficit: walking problems, knee buckles

48
Q

Nerve Lesion: Tibial

A

motor innervation: posterior thigh/leg

deficit: shuffling gait, difficulty with plantar flexing

49
Q

Nerve Lesion: Common Fibular

A

motor innervation: anterior/lateral leg

deficit: foot drop

50
Q

gray commissure

A
  • in gray matter of spinal cord

- composed of unmyelinated axons crossing from one side of CNS to the other

51
Q

central canal

A
  • in gray matter of spinal cord

- central cavity (hollow) of spinal cord

Anatomy (25 decks)

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