Anatomy Basics (Ch 1) Flashcards
What are the different types of medical imaging?
- Radiography (x-ray)
- Sonography (ultrasound)
- Computed Tomography (CT scan)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Radiography
a. k.a. X-Ray
- usually used to identify fractures
- more dense bone = more white
ex. mammograms, chest exams
Sonography
a. k.a. Ultrasound
- portable/radiation-free
- high frequency waves reflected off organs
- used to visualize developing embryos/fetuses
- con: low res
Computed Tomography
a. k.a. CT scan
- good res, low intensity radiation
- used to visualize hard/soft tissue, bony defects, tumors, aneurysms, hemorrahages
- white = bone, gray = soft tissue, black = air
- cons: slow, uses radiation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
a. k.a. MRI
- no radiation, high res
- visualizes soft tissues best
- can see tumors
- cons: $$$, slow, large magnet
- white = scalp, gray = soft tissue, black = bone
posterial
(or dorsal)
back
anterior
(or ventral)
front
superior
(or cranial)
up
inferior
(or caudal)
down
medial
toward midline
lateral
away from midline
proximal
closer to trunk
distal
further from trunk
superficial
more external
deep
more internal
saggital plane
(median)
divides body into left/right vertically
parasaggital plane
divides body into left/right but NOT at midline
*used in x-rays
frontal (coronal) plane
divides body into anterior/posterior
*used in ultrasounds
transverse (horizontal) plane
divides body into superior/inferior
*used for CT scans/MRI
oblique plane
passes through body at an angle
Axial Region of the Body
Includes:
- head, neck, trunk
- body cavities: cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Appendicular Region of the Body
Includes:
- Upper limb regions: manus (hand) (including the fingers, pollex (thumb), palmer/dorsal surface), brachial (arm), carpal (wrist), antebrachial (forearm)
- Lower limb regions: femoral (thigh), pes (foot) (including the plantar/dorsal surfaces, hallux (big toe)), crural (leg)
manus
hand
pollex
thumb
pes
foot
hallux
big toe
crural
leg
Levels of Body Organization
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organismal
What are the 11 organ systems?
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic (Immune)
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
Integumentary System
- protects against outside environment
- maintains internal water balance
- -> skin, hair, nails
Skeletal System
- supports body
- stores minerals
- -> bones
Muscular System
- facilitates movement
- pumps blood
- moves materials through digestive tract
- controls entrances/exits
- generates heat
- -> smooth/cardiac muscle
Nervous System
- transmits signals
- -> brain, spinal cord, nerves
Endocrine system
- produces hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, and reproduction
- -> glands
Cardiovascular System
- carries nutrients and oxygen
- removes wastes
- -> heart, blood vessels
Lymphatic (Immune) System
- guards against infection –> immune response
- -> lymph vesses, bone marrow, spleen
Respiratory System
- brings in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
- -> lungs
Digestive System
- food intake/nutritional absorption
- elimination of wastes
- -> oral cavity, liver, gall bladder, stomach
Urinary System
- filters blood/removes wastes
- -> kidneys, bladder
Reproductive System
- reproduction
- -> ovaries, testes, uterus
