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Anatomy > Nervous Tissue/Brain and Cranial Nerves (Ch 14/15) > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue/Brain and Cranial Nerves (Ch 14/15) Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the nervous system?

A

all neural tissue in body

  • neurons
  • glial cells
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2
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Collect info: monitor external/internal changes (sensory input from the PNS)
  2. Process/evaluate info: processes sensory input and determines response
  3. Respond to info: dictates response by activating effector organs
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3
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS): brain + spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all neural tissue outside of CNS, spinal/cranial nerves + ganglia

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4
Q

ganglia

A

collection of cell bodies outside of the nervous system

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5
Q

Nervous System Divisions

A
  1. Sensory Nervous System
    - Somatic Sensory
    - Visceral Sensory
  2. Motor Nervous System
    - Somatic Motor
    - Autonomic Motor
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6
Q

Sensory Nervous System

A
  • contains receptors
  • transmits info from receptors –> CNS
  • -> somatic sensory and visceral sensory
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7
Q

Motor Nervous System

A
  • transmits info from CNS to body
  • sends motor info to effectors
  • -> somatic motor and autonomic motor
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8
Q

Somatic Sensory

A
  • part of Sensory Nervous System
  • receives sensory info from skin, fascia, joins, skeletal muscles
  • free nerve endings in almost all body tissues
  • includes receptors for touch, pain, pressure, vibration, and temp
  • ->also proprioception (sense of body in space) in skin, body wall, and limbs
  • “special senses” (vision, taste, hearing, balance, smell)
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9
Q

Visceral Sensory

A

*part of Sensory Nervous System
receives sensory info from viscera (organs)
-stretch/temp

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10
Q

Somatic Motor

A
  • part of Motor Nervous System
  • a.k.a. “voluntary” nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle
  • contraction of skeletal muscles (ex. walking)
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11
Q

Autonomic Motor

A
  • part of Motor Nervous System
  • a.k.a. autonomic nervous system (ANS) or “involuntary” nervous system
  • regulates contraction of smooth/cardiac muscle and gland secretion
  • subdivides into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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12
Q

What are the types of nervous tissue cells?

A

neurons and glia

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13
Q

neurons

A

transmit electrical signals and nerve impulses

–> include: soma, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath

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14
Q

glia

A

“nerve glue” - supporting cells

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15
Q

Soma

A
  • part of neuron
  • “cell body”
  • contain nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles
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16
Q

Dendrites

A
  • part of neuron

- receive signal, transmit to soma (cell body)

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17
Q

Axon

A
  • part of neuron

- transmits signal to axon terminals

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18
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • part of neuron

- insulates neuron, helps propagate signal

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19
Q

What is the signal pathway of nerve impulses?

A

dendrite –> cell body –> axon –> axon terminal –> synapse/skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Synapse

A

a site where an axon connects with another cell (neuron cell or muscle/gland cells)

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21
Q

Glia

A
  • support and nourish the neurons
  • each type has a slightly different function
  • carry no information
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22
Q

What are the types of Glia of the CNS?

A

ependymal cells
microglia
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes

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23
Q

What are the types of Glia of the PNS?

A

schwann cells

satellite cells

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24
Q

schwann cells

A

myelinated axons on the PNS

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25
Q

satellite cells

A

found in ganglia, surround neuron cell bodies

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26
Q

Nerve

A

a collection of axons in the PNS

  • axons arranged in parallel and wrapped in CT
  • nerve can contain myelinated and/or non-myelinated sensory and/or motor axons depending on nerve function
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27
Q

Nerve Structure

A
  • each axon surrounded by myelin sheath (Schwann Cells)
  • group of axons = nerve fascicles
  • group of fascicles = nerve
  • -> similar to skeletal muscle
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28
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nerve?

A
  1. Endoneurium: surrounds axon and myelin sheaths
  2. Perineurium: surrounds the fascicle
  3. Epineurium: surround the entire nerve
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29
Q

Meninges

A

membranes that surround/protect the brain

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30
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

-cushions the brain –> brain/spinal cord “float” in CSF
-resists compressive forces
Functions:
-feeds brain
-removes wastes
-carries chemical signals

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31
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

protects brain from exposure to toxins

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32
Q

What are the functions of meninges?

A
  1. cover/protect CNS
  2. enclose/protect blood vessels to CNS
  3. contain/circulate CSF
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33
Q

What are the parts of the meninges?

A
  1. Pia Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
    - -> subarachnoid space
  3. Dura Mater
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34
Q

Pia Mater

A

“tender mother”

  • innermost layer, follows curves of brain
  • very delicate
  • lots of blood vessels
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35
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

“spider mother”

-superficial to pia mater

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36
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

web-like threads attach arachnoid mater to pia mater

-filled with CSF

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37
Q

Dura Mater

A

“hard mother”

  • outermost layer
  • two layers of dense fibrous CT (meningeal and periosteal (next to bone))
  • in some spots…separates to form dural sinuses inside
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38
Q

Dural Venous Sinuses

A
  • drain blood from brain and into internal jugular veins to heart
    1. Superior Saggital Sinus
    2. Straight Sinus
    3. Transverse Sinus
    4. Sigmoid Sinus
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39
Q

Superior Saggital Sinus

A
  • dural venous sinus

- along midline of cranium between cerebral hemispheres

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40
Q

Straight Sinus

A
  • dural venous sinus

- between cerebral hemispheres

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41
Q

Transverse Sinus

A
  • dural venous sinus

- along posterior/lateral side of cranium

42
Q

Sigmoid Sinus

A
  • dural venous sinus
  • “S” shaped
  • drains into internal jugular veins
43
Q

Ventricles

A
  • -> 4 interconnected cavities/expansions within brain for circulating CSF
  • lateral ventricles (2) communicate with third ventricle via interventricular foramen
  • third ventricle drains into fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct
44
Q

Where are the 2 lateral ventricles found?

A

in the cerebrum

45
Q

Where is the third ventricle found?

A

in diencephalon

46
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle found?

A

between the brainstem and the cerebellum

47
Q

What is the process of the creation of CSF?

A
  1. made in choroid plexuses in ventricles
  2. flows through ventricles and into subarachnoid space
  3. flows through subarachnoid space
  4. absorbed in dural venous sinuses –> drains into internal jugular veins
    * 500ml/day is processed/circulated
48
Q

What are the functions of the brain?

A
  1. control HR, BP, and maintain homeostasis
  2. innervation of head, neck, and viscera
  3. high level tasks: intelligence, consciousness, memory, emotion, behavior
49
Q

Parts of the Brain

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Cerebrum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Brain Stem
50
Q

What is the grey matter of the brain?

A

on the outer part of brain (cerebellar/cerebral cortexes) as well as the innermost regions
-unmyelinated neurons and neuron cell bodies

51
Q

What is the white matter of the brain?

A

made of myelinated (and some non-myelinated) axons

52
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • surrounded by cerebral hemispheres, deep to cerebrum
  • contains 3rd ventricle
    1. thalamus: lateral walls
    2. hypothalamus: floor
    3. epithalamus: roof
53
Q

Thalamus

A

*part of diencephalon
“gate-keeper” for sensory info
-lateral walls of 3rd ventricle
-relays somatosensory, visual, and auditory info (NO smell)
-> any part of brain (sensory or not) that communicates with cerebral cortex must go through thalamus

54
Q

Hypothalamus

A 
*part of diencephalon
MAIN visceral control center of the body, regulates many activities:
-controls ANS
-regulates body temp
-regulates hunger/thirst
-regulates sleep-wake cycles
-controls endocrine system
-controls emotional responses
-controls motivational behavior
-formation of memory

-related to pituitary gland (“master” gland)

55
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • part of diencephalon
  • forms roof of third ventricle
  • includes pineal gland (endocrine function) and a few brain nuclei
56
Q

Brain Stem and functions

A

composed of medulla (inferior), pons (mid), and midbrain (superior)
Functions:
1. passageway for fiber tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord
2. cranial nerves and innervation of face/head
3. automatic behaviors needed for survival (ex. breathing)
4. integrates auditory and visual reflexes

57
Q

Midbrain

A
  • part of brainstem
  • located between diencephalon and pons
  • internal cavity is cerebral aqueduct (connects 3rd/4th ventricles)
  • tectal plate
58
Q

Tectal Plate

A
  • part of midbrain
  • ->integrates auditory and visual reflexes
  1. Superior Colliculus: acts for visual reflexes
  2. Inferior Colliculi: responds to sound
    - ->on posterior midbrain
59
Q

Pons

A
  • part of brainstem
  • located between midbrain and medulla, separated by cerebellum by 4th ventricle
  • bridge between brainstem and cerebellum (passes motor reflexes from here)
60
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • part of brainstem
  • most posterior part of brainstem
  • pyrimidal tracts carry voluntary motor output from cerebrum to brain stem
  • fibers “decussate” so left brain controls right side of body (and vice versa)
61
Q

Cerebellum

A

-makes up 11% of brain mass
-posterior to pons and medulla oblongata
-connected to brainstem by cerebellar pundicles
-2 hemispheres connected by vermis
-folia are leaf-like folds that increase SA in white matter
-outer cortex is gray matter/arbor vitae is white matter
Functions: SMOOTHS and COORDINATES body movements, helps maintain posture/equilibrium

62
Q

cerebellar pundicles

A

what connects the cerebellum and brainstem

63
Q

vermis

A

what connects the two hemispheres of the brain

64
Q

folia

A

leaf-like folds that increase SA in white matter of cerebellum

65
Q

Processing of the Cerebellum

A
  1. receives info from cerebrum on movements planned
  2. compares planned movements with current body position
  3. sends instructions back to cerebral cortex to readjust/refine motor commands
66
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • divided into two halves *largest part of brain
  • each hemisphere has 5 distinct lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula) –> lobes named for overlying bones
67
Q

Insula

A

lobes of brain deep to frontal/temporal lobes

68
Q

Gyri

A

ridges of brain tissue, allow for more cerebral cortex to fit into the cranial vault
–> pre central and post central gyri

69
Q

pre central gyri

A

in posterior frontal lobe

70
Q

postcentral gyri

A

in parietal lobe

71
Q

Sulci

A

grooves between the gyri

–> central, parieto-occipitaq, and lateral sulci

72
Q

central sulcus

A

separates pre central and post central gyri

73
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates temporal and frontal lobes

74
Q

Functional areas of the cerebrum

A
  1. Sensory: conscious awareness of sensation (ex. touch/hearing)
  2. Association Areas: integrate information
  3. Motor Areas: voluntary motor functions
75
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A
  • in cerebrum
  • receives info from somatic senses and enables conscious awareness of the senses (“know what you are feeling”)
  • located in postcentral gyrus
76
Q

Sensory Homuniculus

A
  • -> each region of the sensory cortex receives sensory stimuli from a specific body region so a “map” can be created
  • amount of cortex used for sensory info is NOT related to absolute size, but to amount of info (ex. lips/fingertips are most sensitive)
77
Q

Sensory Cortical Regions

A
  • in cerebrum
    1. Primary Auditory Cortex
    2. Primary Visual Cortex
78
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A
  • Sensory Cortical region (cerebrum)

- in temporal lobe, receives/processes auditory info from inner ear

79
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A
  • Sensory Cortical region (cerebrum)

- in occipital lobe, receives visual info from retina of eye

80
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A
  • located in pre central gyrus
  • controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity
  • other motor areas include Broca’s
81
Q

Motor Homuniculus

A
  • ->as with sensory homunculus, human body represented spatially in primary motor cortex
  • face and hand are very large because of need for very precise motor control
82
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • Left Hemisphere
  • motor speech area
  • if damaged…can understand speech but cannot speak fluently
83
Q

Wernike’s Area

A
  • Left Hemisphere
  • recognition/understanding of speech
  • if damaged…can speak but cannot understand language
84
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • white matter of cerebrum

- largest, most visible band of commissural fibers that connect two hemispheres

85
Q

Association Fibers

A
  • white matter of cerebrum

- short fibers that connect regions in the same hemispheres

86
Q

Basal Nuclei (ganglia)

A
  • deep gray matter of cerebrum
  • involved in motor control
  • composed of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallid us
  • work with cerebral nuclei to control movement
  • start, stop, and regulate the intensity of voluntary movements
  • -> damage = Parkinson’s disease
87
Q

Limbic System

A
  • includes part of cerebrum/diencephalon
  • involved with emotion/motivation
  • creating, storing, and retrieving memories
  • -> includes cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, various nuclei (all linked together by fornix)
88
Q

cingulate gyrus

A
  • part of limbic system
  • superior to corpus callosum
  • emotional response
89
Q

hippocampus

A
  • part of limbic system

- stores long-term memory

90
Q

What are the arteries of the head?

A
  1. R/L common carotid arteries
  2. internal/external carotid arteries
    –> common carotid a. both ascend into the neck/head and divide into internal/external carotid a. which feed head, brain, and orbital regions
    (internal supplied anterior brain/eyes)
91
Q

Blood supply for the brain

A

internal carotid a. –> anterior/middle cerebral a.
anterior cerebral a. –> anterior communicating a. (supplies frontal lobe)
middle cerebral a. –> supplies parts of temporal/parietal lobes (80% of cerebrum)

R/L vertebral a. fuse –> basilar a. –> posterior cerebral a. (connected by posterior communicating a. to anterior cerebral a.)

92
Q

Cerebral Arterial Circle

A

“Circle of Willis”

  • an anastomosis to protect brain’s blood supply (re-routing of blood flow)
  • circle around base of cerebrum

Formed by:

  • L/R posterior cerebral a.
  • L/R posterior communicating a.
  • L/R internal carotid a.
  • L/R anterior cerebral a.
  • anterior communicating a.
93
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • includes neural tissue, blood vessels, and connective tissues
  • responsbile for integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data/motor commands
  • where higher level functions occur (intelligence, memory, learning, emotion)
94
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • includes nerves outside of spinal cord, brain, and ganglia
  • link all regions of body to CNS
  • delivers sensory info to CNS, carries motor commands to peripheral tissues/systems
95
Q

Parkinsons Disease

A

Damage to Basal (Cerebral) nerve –> basal ganglia overfiring

  • “resting tremors” while sitting still
  • hard to navigate small spaces
  • shuffled gait
96
Q

Stroke

A

tissues of brain deprived of oxygen/nutrients/blood supply causing them to die

97
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

brain deprived of oxygen = occlusion of blood vessel –> cut off blood from brain

  • usually die from plaque buildup in artery
  • blood clots form directly in brain or travel there from other body parts
98
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

hemorrhage or aneurysm (region in blood vessel wall weakened –> blood balloon –> rupture with increased BP)

99
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Brocas = speech production

  • not speaking properly
  • repeat words in odd order
100
Q

Wernikes Aphasia

A

Wernikes = speech comprehension

-speak quickly/fluently but incorrect meaning

101
Q

Hematoma

A

tear through blood vessel –> bleeding into portion of brain (blood pools)

  • puts pressure on parts of brain
  • common in epidural and subdural space
  • -> bad if damage to artery due to increased BP
102
Q

concussion

A

short period of brain not working properly due to a blow to the head

Anatomy (25 decks)

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