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Pathology > Urinary System and Male Genital Tract > Flashcards

Urinary System and Male Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors of UTIs?

A 
Female
Sex
Pregnancy
Diabetes
Obstructions eg. stones/catheters
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2
Q

What are the 4 types of UTI?

A

Urethritis (urethra)
Cystitis (bladder)
Prostatitis (prostate)
Pyelonephritis (kidney)

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3
Q

What is the most common causative organism of UTIs?

A

E.coli, staphylococcus, proteus, klebsiella

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

A 
Frequency
Dysuria
Urgency
Haematuria
Suprapubic pain
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis (kidney)?

A

High fever
Rigors
Vomiting
Loin pain

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

Flu like
Few urinary
Swollen tender prostate

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7
Q

How do you manage UTIs?

A 
Fluid
Urination
Antibiotics (trimethoprim)
Imaging
Admission
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8
Q

What do the kidneys maintain?

A

Water, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis

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9
Q

What do the kidneys excrete?

A

Toxic metabolic waste products e.g. urea and creatine

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10
Q

What hormonal functions are the kidneys involved in?

A

Renin (BP)

Erythroprotein (RBCs in bone marrow and produce vit D)

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11
Q

What does a nephron consist of?

A

Glomerulus and renal tube

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12
Q

What in filtered in the glomerulus?

A

Small molecules from the blood

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of renal failure?

A

Acute & chronic

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14
Q

What are the 2 clinical features of acute renal failure?

A

Low urine volume (

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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of acute renal failure?

A

Pre renal
Renal
Post renal

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16
Q

What are the causes of pre renal acute renal failure?

A

Hyperperfusion

Sepsis

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17
Q

What are the causes of renal acute renal failure?

A

ATN damage to tubules due to ischaemia or nephrotoxins

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18
Q

What are the causes of post renal acute renal failure?

A

Renal tract obstruction e.g stones

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19
Q

How can you manage acute renal failure?

A

Find & treat cause
Treat exacerbating factors
Stop nephrotoxic drugs
May need renal replacement therapy

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20
Q

Chronic renal failure is classified into 5 stages depending on what?

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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21
Q

What is Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

The volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the bowman’s capsule per unit time

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22
Q

At what stage of chronic renal failure do symptoms usually occur?

A

Stage 4

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23
Q

What are the 5 common causes of renal failure?

A 
Glomerulonephritis
Diabetes
Reno vascular disease
Hypertension
Polycystic disease
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24
Q

What is Glomerulonephritis?

A

Group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus

25
Q

What can Glomerulonephritis cause?

A

Leak of protein or blood into the urine

26
Q

What are stones?

A

Crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and can deposit anywhere in the renal tract

27
Q

What are the risk factors of stones?

A

Dehydration
Dietary factors
Drugs e.g. loop diuretics, antacids, corticosteroids, aspirin
Renal tract abnormalites
Recurrent UTIs
Metabolic abnormalities e.g. hyperthyroidism, cancer

28
Q

Kidney stones cause pain where?

A

Loin

29
Q

Ureteric stones cause what?

A

Renal colic

30
Q

Bladder and urethral stones cause pain when?

A

During interrupted micturition (urination)

31
Q

If stones are asymptomatic, how are they found?

A

Accidentally on X-ray or blood on dipstick

32
Q

What scans are used to view stones?

A

CT

KUB xray

33
Q

What is the most common type of renal cancer?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

34
Q

What are the risk factors of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Smoking
Obesity
Hypertension
Asbestos

35
Q

What are the presentations of renal cell carcinoma?

A

Haematuria
Loin pain
Abdominal mass
Para neoplastic syndromes

36
Q

What treatment is available for renal cancer?

A

Radical nephrectomy +/ chemotherapy

37
Q

What is the most common benign bladder condition?

A

Cystitis

38
Q

What is the most common malignant bladder condition?

A

Transitional cell carcinomas

39
Q

What are the presentations of transitional cell carcinomas?

A

Painless haematuria

Frequency, urgency, dysuria

40
Q

What tests can be done to identify transitional cell carcinomas?

A

Urine for cytology

Cystoscopy and biopsy

41
Q

How can small lesions at early stage transitional cell carcinoma be treated?

A

Diathermy on cystoscopy

42
Q

How can later stages of transitional cell carcinomas be treated?

A

Radical cystectomy or palliative chemo/radiotherapy

43
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Increase in number of cells resulting in the formation of nodules

44
Q

What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Increased frequency
Hesitancy
Nocturia
Terminal dribbling

45
Q

What treatments are advised if benign prostatic hyperplasia is small and non symptomatic?

A 
Reduce fluid intake
Reduce alcohol and caffeine
Scheduled voiding
Alpha blockers
Transurethral Resection of the prostate
46
Q

What are the risk factors of prostate cancer?

A 
Age
Race
Family history
Hormone levels
Diet
47
Q

What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

A

Nocturia, hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling, hard irregular prostate

48
Q

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

A

Raised prostate specific antigen (PSA)

Biopsy

49
Q

How can local prostate cancer be treated?

A

Radical prostatectomy

50
Q

How can more advanced prostate cancer be treated?

A

Hormal therapy

Radiotherapy

51
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

Sudden onset of pain in 1 testis

52
Q

What are the symptoms of testicular torsion?

A

Pain in abdomen
Nausea
Testis hot, swollen, tender
High and transverse testis

53
Q

How can testicular torsion be tested for?

A

USS with doppler

May need exploratory surgery

54
Q

What surgery is used to treat testicular torsion?

A 
Bilateral fixation (orchidopexy) if viable
Orchidectomy  if abnormal
55
Q

What are the risk factors of testicular tumours?

A

Undescended testis
Infant hernia
Infertility

56
Q

How do testicular tumours present themselves?

A

Painless testicular lump often noted after trauma or infection

57
Q

What is the most common germ cell tumour?

A

Seminoma

58
Q

How are testicular tumours treated?

A

Orchidectomy & a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy

Pathology (22 decks)

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