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Pathology > Urinary System and Male Genital Tract > Flashcards

Urinary System and Male Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors of UTIs?

A 
Female
Sex
Pregnancy
Diabetes
Obstructions eg. stones/catheters
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2
Q

What are the 4 types of UTI?

A

Urethritis (urethra)
Cystitis (bladder)
Prostatitis (prostate)
Pyelonephritis (kidney)

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3
Q

What is the most common causative organism of UTIs?

A

E.coli, staphylococcus, proteus, klebsiella

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of cystitis?

A 
Frequency
Dysuria
Urgency
Haematuria
Suprapubic pain
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5
Q

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis (kidney)?

A

High fever
Rigors
Vomiting
Loin pain

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of prostatitis?

A

Flu like
Few urinary
Swollen tender prostate

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7
Q

How do you manage UTIs?

A 
Fluid
Urination
Antibiotics (trimethoprim)
Imaging
Admission
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8
Q

What do the kidneys maintain?

A

Water, electrolyte and acid-base homeostasis

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9
Q

What do the kidneys excrete?

A

Toxic metabolic waste products e.g. urea and creatine

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10
Q

What hormonal functions are the kidneys involved in?

A

Renin (BP)

Erythroprotein (RBCs in bone marrow and produce vit D)

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11
Q

What does a nephron consist of?

A

Glomerulus and renal tube

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12
Q

What in filtered in the glomerulus?

A

Small molecules from the blood

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of renal failure?

A

Acute & chronic

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14
Q

What are the 2 clinical features of acute renal failure?

A

Low urine volume (

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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of acute renal failure?

A

Pre renal
Renal
Post renal

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16
Q

What are the causes of pre renal acute renal failure?

A

Hyperperfusion

Sepsis

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17
Q

What are the causes of renal acute renal failure?

A

ATN damage to tubules due to ischaemia or nephrotoxins

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18
Q

What are the causes of post renal acute renal failure?

A

Renal tract obstruction e.g stones

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19
Q

How can you manage acute renal failure?

A

Find & treat cause
Treat exacerbating factors
Stop nephrotoxic drugs
May need renal replacement therapy

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20
Q

Chronic renal failure is classified into 5 stages depending on what?

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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21
Q

What is Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

The volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the bowman’s capsule per unit time

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22
Q

At what stage of chronic renal failure do symptoms usually occur?

A

Stage 4

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23
Q

What are the 5 common causes of renal failure?

A 
Glomerulonephritis
Diabetes
Reno vascular disease
Hypertension
Polycystic disease
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24
Q

What is Glomerulonephritis?

A

Group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus

25
What can Glomerulonephritis cause?
Leak of protein or blood into the urine
26
What are stones?
Crystal aggregates that form in the collecting ducts of the kidneys and can deposit anywhere in the renal tract
27
What are the risk factors of stones?
Dehydration Dietary factors Drugs e.g. loop diuretics, antacids, corticosteroids, aspirin Renal tract abnormalites Recurrent UTIs Metabolic abnormalities e.g. hyperthyroidism, cancer
28
Kidney stones cause pain where?
Loin
29
Ureteric stones cause what?
Renal colic
30
Bladder and urethral stones cause pain when?
During interrupted micturition (urination)
31
If stones are asymptomatic, how are they found?
Accidentally on X-ray or blood on dipstick
32
What scans are used to view stones?
CT | KUB xray
33
What is the most common type of renal cancer?
Renal cell carcinoma
34
What are the risk factors of renal cell carcinoma?
Smoking Obesity Hypertension Asbestos
35
What are the presentations of renal cell carcinoma?
Haematuria Loin pain Abdominal mass Para neoplastic syndromes
36
What treatment is available for renal cancer?
Radical nephrectomy +/ chemotherapy
37
What is the most common benign bladder condition?
Cystitis
38
What is the most common malignant bladder condition?
Transitional cell carcinomas
39
What are the presentations of transitional cell carcinomas?
Painless haematuria | Frequency, urgency, dysuria
40
What tests can be done to identify transitional cell carcinomas?
Urine for cytology | Cystoscopy and biopsy
41
How can small lesions at early stage transitional cell carcinoma be treated?
Diathermy on cystoscopy
42
How can later stages of transitional cell carcinomas be treated?
Radical cystectomy or palliative chemo/radiotherapy
43
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Increase in number of cells resulting in the formation of nodules
44
What are the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Increased frequency Hesitancy Nocturia Terminal dribbling
45
What treatments are advised if benign prostatic hyperplasia is small and non symptomatic?
``` Reduce fluid intake Reduce alcohol and caffeine Scheduled voiding Alpha blockers Transurethral Resection of the prostate ```
46
What are the risk factors of prostate cancer?
``` Age Race Family history Hormone levels Diet ```
47
What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
Nocturia, hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling, hard irregular prostate
48
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Raised prostate specific antigen (PSA) | Biopsy
49
How can local prostate cancer be treated?
Radical prostatectomy
50
How can more advanced prostate cancer be treated?
Hormal therapy | Radiotherapy
51
What is testicular torsion?
Sudden onset of pain in 1 testis
52
What are the symptoms of testicular torsion?
Pain in abdomen Nausea Testis hot, swollen, tender High and transverse testis
53
How can testicular torsion be tested for?
USS with doppler | May need exploratory surgery
54
What surgery is used to treat testicular torsion?
``` Bilateral fixation (orchidopexy) if viable Orchidectomy if abnormal ```
55
What are the risk factors of testicular tumours?
Undescended testis Infant hernia Infertility
56
How do testicular tumours present themselves?
Painless testicular lump often noted after trauma or infection
57
What is the most common germ cell tumour?
Seminoma
58
How are testicular tumours treated?
Orchidectomy & a combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy

Pathology (22 decks)

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