Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

5 triggers of inflammation

Answer 1

foreign body
infection
ischaemia/infarction
physical/chemical injury
immune reactions

Question 2

the rapid host response to acute inflammation triggers what 2 reactions

Answer 2

vascular and cellular

Question 3

what are the 3 vascular changes that maximise the movement of plasma proteins to the site of injury

Answer 3

vasodilation, increased permeability and blood stasis

Question 4

the main aim of inflammation

Answer 4

recruit leucocytes to area of damage

Question 5

what 2 leukocytes ingest and kill bacteria and necrotic cells

Answer 5

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 6

what is it called when red blood cells flow in the centre of vessel lumen and WBCs flow peripherally

Answer 6

margination

Question 7

what is secreted by injured cells to encourage the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium

Answer 7

cytokines

Question 8

what is transmigration

Answer 8

when the leukocyte is then encouraged to pass through endothelium to extravascular space

Question 9

what stimulates the migration of leukocytes towards the chemical concentration gradient

Answer 9

chemokines

Question 10

3 things chronic inflammation is caused by

Answer 10

persistent infection
immune mediated inflammation
prolonged exposure to toxic agent

Question 11

what do granulomas do

Answer 11

attempt to contain offending agent it cannot eradicate

Question 12

the 5 clinical signs of inflammation

Answer 12

redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 13

tachycardia, fever, hypotension, raised WCC and raised CRP are symptoms of what

Answer 13

inflammation

Question 14

what are the 4 possible outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 14

complete resolution
healing by fibrosis (scar)
abscess
chronic inflammation

Question 15

chronic inflammation can develop from acute inflammation but it is usually due to

Answer 15

persistent infection
prolonged exposure to toxins
autoimmune reactions

Question 16

exaggerated inflammatory response is the basis for

Answer 16

allergies, hypersensitivity

autoimmune disease

Question 17

poor inflammatory response is the basis for

Answer 17

immunodeficiency conditions/dieases

Question 18

what medications can we use to treat it

Answer 18

NSAIDs
anti-histamines
steroids
targeted biologics

Question 19

defective inflammation leads to

Answer 19

increased susceptibility to infection
delayed healing of wounds
tissue damage

Question 20

what is the peak age for an appendicitis

Answer 20

10-30 years

Question 21

what are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis

Answer 21

central abdominal pain which localises to right iliac fossa
nausea 
vomiting
pyrexia
raised HR
raised WCC and CRP

Question 22

red hot swollen joint, unable to move joint due to pain, pyrexia, tachycardia, raised WCC & CRP are symptoms are what

Answer 22

septic arthritis

Question 23

what are the risk factors of septic arthritis

Answer 23

prosthetic joint
recent surgery/trauma to knee
age
RA
immunodeficiency

Question 24

what are the treatments for septic arthritis

Answer 24

joint aspirate
IV antibiotics
sepsis 6

Question 25

what does RICE stand for

Answer 25

rest
ice
compress
elevate