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Pathology > Upper GI > Flashcards

Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 components of the anatomy of the upper GI tract?

A

Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines

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2
Q

What is chronic gastritis?

A

Ongoing inflammation of stomach mucosa

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3
Q

What can chronic gastritis be a possible environment for?

A

Dysplasia and carcinoma

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic gastritis?

A 
Upper abdominal pain
Indigestion/bloating
Nausea/vomiting
Belching
Loss of appetite/weight loss
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5
Q

What are the ‘ABC’ causes of chronic gastritis?

A

Autoimmune
Bacterial (helicobacter pylori)
Chemical (alcohol, tobacco, caffeine)

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6
Q

What is helicobacter pylori?

A

Gram negative bacterium found in stomach (antrum)

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7
Q

How is helicobacter pylori acquired?

A

Faecal-oral

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8
Q

What is helicobacter pylori associated with?

A 
Chronic gastritis
Duodenal ulcer
Gastric ulcer
Gastric carcinoma
Gastric MALT lymphoma
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9
Q

Where do peptic ulcers occur?

A

D1 or antrum

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10
Q

What are the causes of peptic ulcer?

A

Helicobacter pylori and NSAIDS

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of peptic ulcers?

A

Pain (gnawing, burning, aching (worse at night & after meals))

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12
Q

What are the complications of peptic ulcers?

A

Bleeding leading to anaemia
Haematemesis (vomiting blood)
Perforation leading to peritonitis
Long term cancer

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13
Q

What is barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Oesophagus lined with columnar epithelium with goblet cells instal of stratified squamous epithelium

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14
Q

What is the cause of barrettes oesophagus?

A

Adaptation to chronic acid exposure from reflux

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of oesophageal cancer?

A

Squamous carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of stomach cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

GI stromal tumours

17
Q

What are the 3 types of small bowel cancer?

A

Lymphoma
GI stromal tumours
Neuroendocrine tumours

18
Q

What are the risk factors of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Alcohol, tobacco, caustic injury, achalasia

19
Q

What are the symptoms of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Dysphagia, weight loss, haemorrhage, sepsis, respiratory fistula with aspiration

20
Q

What does barrett’s oesophagus lead to?

A

Oesophageal carcinoma

21
Q

What are the symptoms of oesophageal adenocarcinoma?

A

Dysphagia, weight loss, haematemesis, chest pain, vomiting

22
Q

Where does oesophageal carcinoma spread directly?

A

Surrounding tissues

23
Q

Where does oesophageal carcinoma spread via the lymphatics?

A

Paraoesophageal, paratracheal, cervical node groups

24
Q

Where does oesophageal carcinoma spread haematogenously?

A

Liver and lung

25
Q

What are the precursor lesions of adenocarcinoma of the stomach?

A

Pernicious anaemia (atrophic gastritis)
Intestinal metaplasia
Neoplastic polyps
Helicobacter associated gastritis

26
Q

What are the advanced symptoms of adenocarcinoma of the stomach?

A

Weight loss, anorexia, anaemia, haemorrhage

27
Q

Where does adenocarcinoma of the stomach spread via direct infiltration?

A

Duodenum, pancrea, colon, liver, spleen

28
Q

Where does adenocarcinoma of the stomach spread via the lymphatics?

A

Local and regional nodes

Virchow’s node

29
Q

Where does adenocarcinoma of the stomach spread haematogenously?

A

Liver and lungs

30
Q

What other ways can adenocarcinoma of the stomach spread?

A

Transcoelomic
Omentum
Mesentery
Ovary

31
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of small bowel neoplasia?

A

Adenocarcinoma
GI stromal tumour
Lymphoma
Carcinoid (neruoendocrine) tumour

32
Q

What are the risk factors of small bowel neoplasia?

A

Crohn’s
Coeliac
Radiation
Genetic e.g. familial adenomatous polyposis

33
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

Extensive mucosal disease related to sensitivity to gluten

34
Q

How is coeliac diagnosed?

A

Serological blood test (TTG) and biopsy

35
Q

What are the symptoms of coeliac disease?

A 
Pain in digestive tract
Chronic constipation and diarrhoea
Failure to thrive (children)
Anaemia
Fatigue
36
Q

What 2 cancers does coeliac lead to an increased risk of?

A

Adenocarinoma and lymphoma of the small bowel

Pathology (22 decks)

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