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Pathology > Female Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in basic gynaecological pathology?

A

Cervix
Uterus & endometrium
Ovaries
Pregnancy related disorders

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2
Q

What are the common presenting complaints in gynaecology?

A

Vaginal bleeding
Pain
Discharge
Infertility

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3
Q

What is involved in a cervical smear test?

A

View cervix and take samples

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4
Q

How often are smear tests performed?

A

3 years age 25-49

5 years age 49-64

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5
Q

What are the different types of human papilloma virus (HPV)?

A 
Warts/verrucas (low risk)
Cervical cancer (high risk)
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6
Q

How is HPV transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

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7
Q

Are there any symptoms of HPV?

A

No

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8
Q

HPV is thought to be the main cause of what?

A

CIN and therefore cervical cancer

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9
Q

What happens if smears are abnormal?

A

Refer to colposcopy

Biopsies

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10
Q

What does CIN stand for?

A

Cervical Intra-epithelial Neoplasia

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11
Q

What are the risk factors of cervical cancer?

A

HPV

Smoking

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

A

Abnormal discharge and bleeding

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13
Q

What is cervical carcinoma?

A

Abnormal cells and invasion

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14
Q

What do those with cervical carcinoma present with?

A

Inter menstrual or post coital bleeding

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15
Q

How is cervical carcinoma treated?

A

Local excision or radical hysterectomy +/ chemo/radiotherpy

all depending on stage

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16
Q

What are endocervical polyps?

A

Benign lesions

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17
Q

What do those with endocervical polyps present with?

A

Irregular vaginal bleeding

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18
Q

How can endocervical polyps be be treated?

A

Removal at hysteroscopy

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19
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Heavy periods (>08ml)

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20
Q

What are the causes of menorrhagia?

A

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)
Fibroids
Endometriosis
Polyps

21
Q

How is menorrhagia treated?

A 
Mirena coil
Mefanamic & transexamic acid
COCP
Depo
Endometrial ablation
Hysterectomy
22
Q

What are fibroids (leiomyomas)?

A

Benign tumours

23
Q

How do fibroids occur?

A

Arise from myometrium (uterine muscular wall)

24
Q

What are the symptoms of fibroids?

A

Heavy/painful periods
Pelvic pain
Distension

25
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue in the wrong location (outside the endometrium)

26
Q

How is endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease transmitted?

A

Infections (usually STIs)

27
Q

What may someone with endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease present with?

A

Abnormal discharge
Pain (pelvic, periods, sex)
Bleeding
(can be asymptomatic)

28
Q

What is endometritis and pelvic inflammatory disease a major cause of?

A

Infertility

29
Q

What are the treatments for endometriosis?

A

COCP
Mirena
Zoladex
Surgery

30
Q

Why is endometrial cancer often detected early?

A

It presents as post menopausal bleeding

31
Q

What are the risk factors of endometrial cancer?

A

Nulliparity, high BMI, HRT, late menopause

32
Q

How is endometrial cancer diagnosed?

A

Biopsy (pipelle or hysteroscopy)

33
Q

How is endometrial cancer treated?

A

TAH and BSO

34
Q

What are the risk factors of endometrial carcinoma?

A

Obesity

Oestrogen exposure

35
Q

What are follicular cysts?

A

Benign ovarian cysts >6cm
Asymptomatic
No treatment

36
Q

What are crystadenocas?

A

Very large fluid filled ovarian cysts

37
Q

What are benign mature teratomas?

A

Large ovarian cysts filled with solid substance

38
Q

How does polycystic ovaries present itself?

A

Irregular periods, no periods, infertility

39
Q

How is polycystic ovaries treated?

A

COCP
Metformin
Clomifene

40
Q

What are complications of polycystic ovaries?

A

Increased CV risk
Increased T2DM risk
Pregnancy problems

41
Q

Why does ovarian cancer have poorer prognosis then endometrial cancer?

A

Often asymptomatic

Present late when already spread

42
Q

What is a miscarriage?

A

Loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks

43
Q

What are the 4 classifications of miscarriage?

A

Threatened
Inevitable
Incomplete
Missed

44
Q

What are the risk factors of miscarriage?

A 
Age
Multiple pregnancies
Smoking
Alcohol
Connective tissue disroders
Diabetes
45
Q

What are the 3 treatment options for miscarriage?

A

Conservative
Medical (misoprostol)
Surgical (vacuum)

46
Q

What are the risk factors of exotic pregnancy?

A 
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Coil
IVF
Previous ectopic
Pelvic surgery
Fertility treatments
Smoking
47
Q

How does an ectopic pregnancy present?

A

Pain and unilateral low abdominal pain

48
Q

How are ectopic pregnancies tested for?

A

Raised beta-HCG levels on blood testing

49
Q

How are ectopic pregnancies treated?

A

Surgically

Pathology (22 decks)

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