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Pathology > Heart and Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Heart and Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of issues involved?

A

Cardiac
Vascular
Congenital Cardiovascular

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2
Q

What is involved in cardiac disease?

A 
Ischaemia
MI
Cardiac failure
Valvular heart disease
Pericarditis & Myocarditis
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3
Q

What is involved in vascular disease?

A 
Atherosclerosis
Aneurysms
Hypertension
diabetic vascular diease
Vein disease
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4
Q

What is cardiac failure?

A

When the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate required for normal functioning.

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5
Q

What can cause cardiac failure?

A 
Ischaemic heart disease
Hypertension
Valvular heart disease
Arrhythmias
Congenital heart disease
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6
Q

What happens when the heart tries to compensate for cardiac failure?

A

Cardiac hypertrophy &/ dilation

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of cardiac failure?

A

Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Pulmonary Oedema
Systemic venous congestion & oedema

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8
Q

What are the 5 classifications of cardiac failure?

A 
Acute
Chronic
Left
Right
Congestive (l&r)
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9
Q

In valvular heart disease, what is stenosis?

A

Failure to open completely, impeding forward flow.

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10
Q

In valvular heart disease, what is incompetence/regurgitation?

A

Failure to close, allowing reverse flow.

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11
Q

In valvular heart disease, what is vegetations?

A

Abnormal tissue growth on valve (fibrin, platelets & bacteria)

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12
Q

Where is stenosis most common?

A

Aortic artery & mitral valves

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13
Q

What is valvular stenosis mainly due to?

A

Primary valve cusp abnormality

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14
Q

Is valvular stenosis acute or chronic?

A

Chronic

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15
Q

What can lead to valvular regurgitation?

A

Disease of cusps

Damage to supporting structure e.g. tendinous cords, papillary muscles

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16
Q

What can infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever lead to?

A

Vegetations

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17
Q

What are some underlying causes of valvular heart disease?

A 
Infection
Calcific aortic valve disease
Age
Carcinoid syndrome
Fibrosis post MI
Muscle rupture post MI
Heart failure
Hypertension
Congenital
Prosthetic heart valves
Connective tissue disorders
IV drug use
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18
Q

What are the symptoms and consequences of valvular heart disease?

A 
Stroke
Arrythmias
Ventricular hypertrophy
Angina
Syncope
Heart failure
Infarcts to kidney/spleen
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19
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Inner lining of the heart and its valves

20
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

When the lining of the heart and its valves become infected and inflammed

21
Q

What is pericarditis/myocarditis?

A

Inflammatory reaction involving the heart sac or heart muscle

22
Q

What are the causes of pericarditis/myocarditis?

A 
Viral
Bacterial
Parasitic
TB
Uraemia
Carcinoma
MI
Post surgery
Drugs
Connective tissue disease
Unknown
Radiation
23
Q

What are the 2 types of pericarditis/myocarditis?

A

Acute & chronic

24
Q

What are the symptoms and signs of pericarditis/myocarditis?

A

Chest pain

Cardiac Failure

25
Q

How can pericarditis/myocarditis be treated?

A

Anti inflammatories

Surgical excision of pericardium

26
Q

What are some examples of unusual cardiac diseases?

A 
Cardiomyopathy
Multisystem diseases e.g. sarcoidosis and amyloidodid
Thyroxicosis
Myxoedema
Alcoholism
Pregnancy
Iatrogenic (drug induced) disease
27
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Disease of heart muscle

28
Q

What is involved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

A

Heavy, muscular, hyper contracting
Abnormal diastolic filling
Intermittent left ventricular outflow obstruction

29
Q

What are the clinical features of HCM?

A 
SOB
Chest pain
Palpitations
Black outs
Sudden death
AF
30
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Localised, permanent, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel

31
Q

What causes aneurysms?

A 
Age
Atherosclerosis
Ischaemia
Hypertension
Inflammation
Diabetes
Autoimmune diease
Bacteria
Endocarditis
Fungus
Marfan's syndrome
Syphilis
32
Q

How do you treat aneurysms?

A

Stents
Surgery
Reduce arterial pressure

33
Q

What are the 6 types of aneurysm?

A 
Atherosclerotic
Aortic dissection
Berry
Mircro 
Syphilitic
Mycotic
34
Q

What are some secondary causes of hypertension?

A

Renal
Endocrine
Vascualr
Neurogenic

35
Q

What 5 organs are affected by hypertension?

A 
Blood vessels
Heart
Kidney
Eyes
Brain
36
Q

What is macroangiopathy?

A

Large blood vessel disease

37
Q

What is microangopathy?

A

Small blood vessel diease

38
Q

What are heart based complications of hypertension?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy
Cardiac failure
Myocardial infarction

39
Q

What are kidney based complications of hypertension?

A

Benign nephrosclerosis

Renal failure

40
Q

What are eye based complications of hypertension?

A

Hypersensitive retinopathy

41
Q

What are the 4 grades of retinopathy?

A

1 Thickening of arterioles
2 Arteriolar spasms
3 Hemorrhages
4 Papilloedema

42
Q

What factors increase chances of hypertension?

A 
Male
Black
Smoker
Diabetes
Hypercholesterole
Obese
Alcohol
Organ damage
43
Q

What is diabetic vascular disease?

A

Damage to vessels (atherosclerosis)
Damage to kidneys
Damage to nerves
Damage to retinas

44
Q

What are complications of diabetic vascular disease?

A

Gangrene
Renal failure
Blindness

45
Q

What are the causes of DVT?

A 
Immobility
Malignancy
Pregnancy
Oestrogens
Haematological disorders
IV cannulas
46
Q

What are the causes of varicosities?

A 
Incompetent valves
Impaired venous return
Stasis
Oedema
Fibrin deposits
47
Q

What are the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases?

A 
Septal defects (atrial or ventricular)
Patent ductus arteriosus (failure of blood vessel closure at birth)
Narrowed aorta (coarctation)
Valvular abnormalities
Vessels the wrong way round
Coronary artery defects
Multiple defects (fallot's tetralogy)

Pathology (22 decks)

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