Heart and Blood Vessels Flashcards by Jess Campbell

What are the 3 types of issues involved?

Cardiac
Vascular
Congenital Cardiovascular

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What is involved in cardiac disease?

Ischaemia
MI
Cardiac failure
Valvular heart disease
Pericarditis &amp; Myocarditis

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What is involved in vascular disease?

Atherosclerosis
Aneurysms
Hypertension
diabetic vascular diease
Vein disease

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What is cardiac failure?

When the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate required for normal functioning.

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What can cause cardiac failure?

Ischaemic heart disease
Hypertension
Valvular heart disease
Arrhythmias
Congenital heart disease

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What happens when the heart tries to compensate for cardiac failure?

Cardiac hypertrophy &/ dilation

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What are the symptoms of cardiac failure?

Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Pulmonary Oedema
Systemic venous congestion & oedema

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What are the 5 classifications of cardiac failure?

Acute
Chronic
Left
Right
Congestive (l&amp;r)

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In valvular heart disease, what is stenosis?

Failure to open completely, impeding forward flow.

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In valvular heart disease, what is incompetence/regurgitation?

Failure to close, allowing reverse flow.

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In valvular heart disease, what is vegetations?

Abnormal tissue growth on valve (fibrin, platelets & bacteria)

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Where is stenosis most common?

Aortic artery & mitral valves

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What is valvular stenosis mainly due to?

Primary valve cusp abnormality

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Is valvular stenosis acute or chronic?

Chronic

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What can lead to valvular regurgitation?

Disease of cusps

Damage to supporting structure e.g. tendinous cords, papillary muscles

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What can infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever lead to?

Vegetations

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What are some underlying causes of valvular heart disease?

Infection
Calcific aortic valve disease
Age
Carcinoid syndrome
Fibrosis post MI
Muscle rupture post MI
Heart failure
Hypertension
Congenital
Prosthetic heart valves
Connective tissue disorders
IV drug use

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What are the symptoms and consequences of valvular heart disease?

Stroke
Arrythmias
Ventricular hypertrophy
Angina
Syncope
Heart failure
Infarcts to kidney/spleen

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What is the endocardium?

Inner lining of the heart and its valves

What is endocarditis?

When the lining of the heart and its valves become infected and inflammed

What is pericarditis/myocarditis?

Inflammatory reaction involving the heart sac or heart muscle

What are the causes of pericarditis/myocarditis?

Viral
Bacterial
Parasitic
TB
Uraemia
Carcinoma
MI
Post surgery
Drugs
Connective tissue disease
Unknown
Radiation

What are the 2 types of pericarditis/myocarditis?

Acute & chronic

What are the symptoms and signs of pericarditis/myocarditis?

Chest pain

Cardiac Failure

How can pericarditis/myocarditis be treated?

Anti inflammatories | Surgical excision of pericardium

What are some examples of unusual cardiac diseases?

``` Cardiomyopathy Multisystem diseases e.g. sarcoidosis and amyloidodid Thyroxicosis Myxoedema Alcoholism Pregnancy Iatrogenic (drug induced) disease ```

What is cardiomyopathy?

Disease of heart muscle

What is involved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Heavy, muscular, hyper contracting Abnormal diastolic filling Intermittent left ventricular outflow obstruction

What are the clinical features of HCM?

``` SOB Chest pain Palpitations Black outs Sudden death AF ```

What is an aneurysm?

Localised, permanent, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel

What causes aneurysms?

``` Age Atherosclerosis Ischaemia Hypertension Inflammation Diabetes Autoimmune diease Bacteria Endocarditis Fungus Marfan's syndrome Syphilis ```

How do you treat aneurysms?

Stents Surgery Reduce arterial pressure

What are the 6 types of aneurysm?

``` Atherosclerotic Aortic dissection Berry Mircro Syphilitic Mycotic ```

What are some secondary causes of hypertension?

Renal Endocrine Vascualr Neurogenic

What 5 organs are affected by hypertension?

``` Blood vessels Heart Kidney Eyes Brain ```

What is macroangiopathy?

Large blood vessel disease

What is microangopathy?

Small blood vessel diease

What are heart based complications of hypertension?

Left ventricular hypertrophy Cardiac failure Myocardial infarction

What are kidney based complications of hypertension?

Benign nephrosclerosis | Renal failure

What are eye based complications of hypertension?

Hypersensitive retinopathy

What are the 4 grades of retinopathy?

1 Thickening of arterioles 2 Arteriolar spasms 3 Hemorrhages 4 Papilloedema

What factors increase chances of hypertension?

``` Male Black Smoker Diabetes Hypercholesterole Obese Alcohol Organ damage ```

What is diabetic vascular disease?

Damage to vessels (atherosclerosis) Damage to kidneys Damage to nerves Damage to retinas

What are complications of diabetic vascular disease?

Gangrene Renal failure Blindness

What are the causes of DVT?

``` Immobility Malignancy Pregnancy Oestrogens Haematological disorders IV cannulas ```

What are the causes of varicosities?

``` Incompetent valves Impaired venous return Stasis Oedema Fibrin deposits ```

What are the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases?

``` Septal defects (atrial or ventricular) Patent ductus arteriosus (failure of blood vessel closure at birth) Narrowed aorta (coarctation) Valvular abnormalities Vessels the wrong way round Coronary artery defects Multiple defects (fallot's tetralogy) ```