Heart and Blood Vessels Flashcards
What are the 3 types of issues involved?
Cardiac
Vascular
Congenital Cardiovascular
What is involved in cardiac disease?
Ischaemia MI Cardiac failure Valvular heart disease Pericarditis & Myocarditis
What is involved in vascular disease?
Atherosclerosis Aneurysms Hypertension diabetic vascular diease Vein disease
What is cardiac failure?
When the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate required for normal functioning.
What can cause cardiac failure?
Ischaemic heart disease Hypertension Valvular heart disease Arrhythmias Congenital heart disease
What happens when the heart tries to compensate for cardiac failure?
Cardiac hypertrophy &/ dilation
What are the symptoms of cardiac failure?
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Pulmonary Oedema
Systemic venous congestion & oedema
What are the 5 classifications of cardiac failure?
Acute Chronic Left Right Congestive (l&r)
In valvular heart disease, what is stenosis?
Failure to open completely, impeding forward flow.
In valvular heart disease, what is incompetence/regurgitation?
Failure to close, allowing reverse flow.
In valvular heart disease, what is vegetations?
Abnormal tissue growth on valve (fibrin, platelets & bacteria)
Where is stenosis most common?
Aortic artery & mitral valves
What is valvular stenosis mainly due to?
Primary valve cusp abnormality
Is valvular stenosis acute or chronic?
Chronic
What can lead to valvular regurgitation?
Disease of cusps
Damage to supporting structure e.g. tendinous cords, papillary muscles
What can infective endocarditis and rheumatic fever lead to?
Vegetations
What are some underlying causes of valvular heart disease?
Infection Calcific aortic valve disease Age Carcinoid syndrome Fibrosis post MI Muscle rupture post MI Heart failure Hypertension Congenital Prosthetic heart valves Connective tissue disorders IV drug use
What are the symptoms and consequences of valvular heart disease?
Stroke Arrythmias Ventricular hypertrophy Angina Syncope Heart failure Infarcts to kidney/spleen
What is the endocardium?
Inner lining of the heart and its valves
What is endocarditis?
When the lining of the heart and its valves become infected and inflammed
What is pericarditis/myocarditis?
Inflammatory reaction involving the heart sac or heart muscle
What are the causes of pericarditis/myocarditis?
Viral Bacterial Parasitic TB Uraemia Carcinoma MI Post surgery Drugs Connective tissue disease Unknown Radiation
What are the 2 types of pericarditis/myocarditis?
Acute & chronic
What are the symptoms and signs of pericarditis/myocarditis?
Chest pain
Cardiac Failure
How can pericarditis/myocarditis be treated?
Anti inflammatories
Surgical excision of pericardium
What are some examples of unusual cardiac diseases?
Cardiomyopathy Multisystem diseases e.g. sarcoidosis and amyloidodid Thyroxicosis Myxoedema Alcoholism Pregnancy Iatrogenic (drug induced) disease
What is cardiomyopathy?
Disease of heart muscle
What is involved in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Heavy, muscular, hyper contracting
Abnormal diastolic filling
Intermittent left ventricular outflow obstruction
What are the clinical features of HCM?
SOB Chest pain Palpitations Black outs Sudden death AF
What is an aneurysm?
Localised, permanent, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel
What causes aneurysms?
Age Atherosclerosis Ischaemia Hypertension Inflammation Diabetes Autoimmune diease Bacteria Endocarditis Fungus Marfan's syndrome Syphilis
How do you treat aneurysms?
Stents
Surgery
Reduce arterial pressure
What are the 6 types of aneurysm?
Atherosclerotic Aortic dissection Berry Mircro Syphilitic Mycotic
What are some secondary causes of hypertension?
Renal
Endocrine
Vascualr
Neurogenic
What 5 organs are affected by hypertension?
Blood vessels Heart Kidney Eyes Brain
What is macroangiopathy?
Large blood vessel disease
What is microangopathy?
Small blood vessel diease
What are heart based complications of hypertension?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Cardiac failure
Myocardial infarction
What are kidney based complications of hypertension?
Benign nephrosclerosis
Renal failure
What are eye based complications of hypertension?
Hypersensitive retinopathy
What are the 4 grades of retinopathy?
1 Thickening of arterioles
2 Arteriolar spasms
3 Hemorrhages
4 Papilloedema
What factors increase chances of hypertension?
Male Black Smoker Diabetes Hypercholesterole Obese Alcohol Organ damage
What is diabetic vascular disease?
Damage to vessels (atherosclerosis)
Damage to kidneys
Damage to nerves
Damage to retinas
What are complications of diabetic vascular disease?
Gangrene
Renal failure
Blindness
What are the causes of DVT?
Immobility Malignancy Pregnancy Oestrogens Haematological disorders IV cannulas
What are the causes of varicosities?
Incompetent valves Impaired venous return Stasis Oedema Fibrin deposits
What are the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases?
Septal defects (atrial or ventricular) Patent ductus arteriosus (failure of blood vessel closure at birth) Narrowed aorta (coarctation) Valvular abnormalities Vessels the wrong way round Coronary artery defects Multiple defects (fallot's tetralogy)
