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Pathology > Disorders of Growth > Flashcards

Disorders of Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Neoplasm?

A

Abnormal mass of tissue which exceeds the growth of normal tissue and persists after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

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2
Q

How does a benign tumour grow?

A

Expansion, displacing adjacent tissue

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3
Q

How does a malignant tumour grow?

A

Infiltration of local tissues

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4
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

A secondary tumour and the process by which it’s formed.

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5
Q

What are the 5 routes of Metastasis?

A 
Lymphatics
Blood
Transcoelomic spread
Along epithelial-lined spaces
Within epithelium
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6
Q

Metastasis via lymphatics is typical of what type of malignancy?

A

Epithelial

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7
Q

Metastasis via blood is typical of what 2 types of malignancy?

A

Stromal and later stages of epithelial

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8
Q

What is associated with transcoelomic spread?

A

Peritoneal, pleural

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9
Q

What is associated with epithelial-lined spaces?

A

Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma of lungs

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10
Q

What is associated with within epithelium?

A

Paget’s disease of nipple, vulva and anus

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11
Q

What are some of the particular sites on metastasis?

A 
Lymph nodes
Liver
Lungs
Bone
Brain
Endocrines
Skin
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12
Q

What are the 4 benign epithelial tumours?

A

Adenoma
Papilloma
Cystadenoma
Polyp

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of malignant tumour?

A

Cancer
Carcinoma (epithelial)
Sarcoma (stromal)

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14
Q

What cells are involved in leukaemia?

A

Haemopoietic stem cells

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of Lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin’s (mixture incl. reed-sternberg cells)

Non-hodgkin’s

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16
Q

What arises from totipotential cells?

A

Teratoma

17
Q

What are 4 examples of non-neoplastic premalignant conditions?

A

Chronic inflammation
Cirrhosis of the liver
Chronic ulcerative colitis
Xeroderma Pigmentosum

18
Q

What are 2 examples of neoplastic premalignant conditions?

A

Familial polyposis coli

Intra-epithelial neoplasia

19
Q

What is the acronym used for tumour staging?

A 
T size of tumour 
(1-4)
N extent of lymph node disease (0-3)
M blood borne metastasis 
(0-1)
20
Q

What are some effects of benign tumours?

A 
Mechanical pressure
Obstruction
Ulceration
Infarction of pedunculate tumour
Infection
Rupture of cystic neoplasm
Hormone production
Malignant change
21
Q

What are some effects of malignant tumours?

A 
Tissue destruction
Haemorrhage
Secondary infection
Cachexia
Pain
Anaemia
22
Q

Give some examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

A 
Ectopic hormone production
Peripheral neuropathy
Cerebellar degeneration
Myopathy
Thrombophlebitis migrans
Acanthosis nigricans
Nephrotic sydrome
Finger clubbing
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis

Pathology (22 decks)

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