Disorders of Growth Flashcards
What is a Neoplasm?
Abnormal mass of tissue which exceeds the growth of normal tissue and persists after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change
How does a benign tumour grow?
Expansion, displacing adjacent tissue
How does a malignant tumour grow?
Infiltration of local tissues
What is Metastasis?
A secondary tumour and the process by which it’s formed.
What are the 5 routes of Metastasis?
Lymphatics Blood Transcoelomic spread Along epithelial-lined spaces Within epithelium
Metastasis via lymphatics is typical of what type of malignancy?
Epithelial
Metastasis via blood is typical of what 2 types of malignancy?
Stromal and later stages of epithelial
What is associated with transcoelomic spread?
Peritoneal, pleural
What is associated with epithelial-lined spaces?
Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma of lungs
What is associated with within epithelium?
Paget’s disease of nipple, vulva and anus
What are some of the particular sites on metastasis?
Lymph nodes Liver Lungs Bone Brain Endocrines Skin
What are the 4 benign epithelial tumours?
Adenoma
Papilloma
Cystadenoma
Polyp
What are the 3 types of malignant tumour?
Cancer
Carcinoma (epithelial)
Sarcoma (stromal)
What cells are involved in leukaemia?
Haemopoietic stem cells
What are the 2 types of Lymphoma?
Hodgkin’s (mixture incl. reed-sternberg cells)
Non-hodgkin’s
What arises from totipotential cells?
Teratoma
What are 4 examples of non-neoplastic premalignant conditions?
Chronic inflammation
Cirrhosis of the liver
Chronic ulcerative colitis
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
What are 2 examples of neoplastic premalignant conditions?
Familial polyposis coli
Intra-epithelial neoplasia
What is the acronym used for tumour staging?
T size of tumour (1-4) N extent of lymph node disease (0-3) M blood borne metastasis (0-1)
What are some effects of benign tumours?
Mechanical pressure Obstruction Ulceration Infarction of pedunculate tumour Infection Rupture of cystic neoplasm Hormone production Malignant change
What are some effects of malignant tumours?
Tissue destruction Haemorrhage Secondary infection Cachexia Pain Anaemia
Give some examples of paraneoplastic syndromes
Ectopic hormone production Peripheral neuropathy Cerebellar degeneration Myopathy Thrombophlebitis migrans Acanthosis nigricans Nephrotic sydrome Finger clubbing Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
