Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
What is the axial part of the skeleton?
Skull
Sternum
Ribbs
Vetebral column
What is the other part of the skeleton that isn’t axial?
Appendicular
What are the ends of a long bone called?
Epiphysis
What is the middle part of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
How do fractures occur?
Trauma
What are possible obstacles to fracture healing?
Bone not aligned
Area not immobilised
Fracture site contains dead bone
Infection
What is osteoporosis?
Decrease in bone mass and density which can lead to fractures
What causes osteoporosis?
Imbalance between bone resorption and bone production
Inadequate peak bone mass
What hormonal influence causes osteoporosis?
Lack of oestrogen eg. post menopausal
How is osteoporosis treated?
NICE guidelines
Alendronic acid - bisphophonate that prevents osteoclast activity
What are the 5 classifications of arthritis?
Osteo Rheumatoid Gouty Infectious Juvenile Idiopathic
What are the 3 types of Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy?
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
What is osteoarthritis associated with?
Ageing and obesity
What joints does osteoarthritis usually affect?
Weight-bearing
What are the secondary causes of osteoarthritis?
Previous joint trauma
Congenital abnormality
What are the risk factors of osteoarthritis?
Age Female (menopause) Joint deformity Mechanical stress (sportspeople) Genetics Hypermobility Other diseases
What are osteophytes?
Bony thickening and outgrowths
What are some features of osteoarthritis?
Morning stiffness Pain with movement Reduced range of movement Reduced mobility Joint effusions Crepitus
What does of arthritis has a link with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)?
Rheumatoid
What is the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid factors help form immune complexes in the circulation which generates inflammations in the synovium
What are the features of rheumatoid arthritis?
Pain Swelling Deformity Fever Fatigue Stiff joints
What are the criteria in which 4 are required for a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis?
Morning stiffness Arthritis in 3+ joints Arthritis of hand joints Symmetric arthritis Rheumatoid nodules Serum rheumatoid factor Typical Radiographic changes
What are the 2 types of crystal arthropathies?
Gout
Pseudogout
What is gout?
Raised uric acid means rate is deposited as crystals in the joints
What enzyme breaks down purine bases and causes gout?
Xanthine oxidase
What do repeated attacks of gout lead to?
Chronic arthritis
What causes gout?
Drugs (aspirin,diuretics) Alcohol Renal disease Hypothyroidism Dehydration
What are the features of gout?
Sudden excruciating burning joint pain Redness Warmth Tenderness Stiffness
What is pseudogout?
Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease
What happens in pseudogout?
Crystals in cartilage can enlarge and rupture causing crystal shedding into joint cavity or soft tissues leading to inflammatory response and synovitis
Where does pseudogout usually affect?
Knees and ankles
What are the causes of pseudogout?
Hereditary
Osteoarthritis
Trauma/surgery
Age
What is septic arthritis?
Inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial infection
Where does septic arthritis commonly affect?
Knee
What are the symptoms of septic arthritis?
Severe pain Swelling Redness Heat Reduced mobility Temperature
How is septic arthritis treated?
IV antibiotics
Joint washout
What is osteomyelitis?
Bone infection caused by bacteria
What can lead to osteomyelitis/
Trauma
Surgery
Foreign body
Who is at an increased risk of osteomyelitis?
Diabetes sufferers
How does osteomyelitis spread?
Haematogenous (blood)
What is the most common type of bone tumour?
Metastatic cancer disease from a distant cancer e.g. prostate, kidney, breast
What are the primary bone tumour types?
Benign: osteoid osteoma
Malignant: sarcoma
What are the 3 types of normal muscle in the body?
Striated
Smooth
Cardiac
What is striated muscle?
Skeletal muscle involved in voluntary movements e.g. biceps
Where is smooth muscle found?
Walls of GI tract
Ducts
Arteries
Internal organs
What type of movement is smooth muscle involved in?
Involuntary e.g. bowel peristalsis
What controls smooth muscle?
Autonomic nervous system
What pathology is skeletal muscle involved in?
Muscular dystrophies
Neuromuscular disorders
What pathology is smooth muscle involved in?
Leiomyomas
