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Pathology > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the axial part of the skeleton?

A

Skull
Sternum
Ribbs
Vetebral column

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2
Q

What is the other part of the skeleton that isn’t axial?

A

Appendicular

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3
Q

What are the ends of a long bone called?

A

Epiphysis

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4
Q

What is the middle part of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

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5
Q

How do fractures occur?

A

Trauma

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6
Q

What are possible obstacles to fracture healing?

A

Bone not aligned
Area not immobilised
Fracture site contains dead bone
Infection

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7
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Decrease in bone mass and density which can lead to fractures

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8
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

Imbalance between bone resorption and bone production

Inadequate peak bone mass

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9
Q

What hormonal influence causes osteoporosis?

A

Lack of oestrogen eg. post menopausal

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10
Q

How is osteoporosis treated?

A

NICE guidelines

Alendronic acid - bisphophonate that prevents osteoclast activity

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11
Q

What are the 5 classifications of arthritis?

A 
Osteo
Rheumatoid
Gouty
Infectious
Juvenile Idiopathic
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12
Q

What are the 3 types of Seronegative Spondyloarthropathy?

A

Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis

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13
Q

What is osteoarthritis associated with?

A

Ageing and obesity

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14
Q

What joints does osteoarthritis usually affect?

A

Weight-bearing

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15
Q

What are the secondary causes of osteoarthritis?

A

Previous joint trauma

Congenital abnormality

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16
Q

What are the risk factors of osteoarthritis?

A 
Age
Female (menopause)
Joint deformity
Mechanical stress (sportspeople)
Genetics
Hypermobility
Other diseases
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17
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

Bony thickening and outgrowths

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18
Q

What are some features of osteoarthritis?

A 
Morning stiffness
Pain with movement
Reduced range of movement
Reduced mobility 
Joint effusions
Crepitus
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19
Q

What does of arthritis has a link with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)?

A

Rheumatoid

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20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid factors help form immune complexes in the circulation which generates inflammations in the synovium

21
Q

What are the features of rheumatoid arthritis?

A 
Pain
Swelling
Deformity
Fever
Fatigue 
Stiff joints
22
Q

What are the criteria in which 4 are required for a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis?

A 
Morning stiffness
Arthritis in 3+ joints
Arthritis of hand joints
Symmetric arthritis
Rheumatoid nodules
Serum rheumatoid factor
Typical Radiographic changes
23
Q

What are the 2 types of crystal arthropathies?

A

Gout

Pseudogout

24
Q

What is gout?

A

Raised uric acid means rate is deposited as crystals in the joints

25
Q

What enzyme breaks down purine bases and causes gout?

A

Xanthine oxidase

26
Q

What do repeated attacks of gout lead to?

A

Chronic arthritis

27
Q

What causes gout?

A 
Drugs (aspirin,diuretics)
Alcohol
Renal disease
Hypothyroidism
Dehydration
28
Q

What are the features of gout?

A 
Sudden excruciating burning joint pain
Redness
Warmth
Tenderness
Stiffness
29
Q

What is pseudogout?

A

Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease

30
Q

What happens in pseudogout?

A

Crystals in cartilage can enlarge and rupture causing crystal shedding into joint cavity or soft tissues leading to inflammatory response and synovitis

31
Q

Where does pseudogout usually affect?

A

Knees and ankles

32
Q

What are the causes of pseudogout?

A

Hereditary
Osteoarthritis
Trauma/surgery
Age

33
Q

What is septic arthritis?

A

Inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial infection

34
Q

Where does septic arthritis commonly affect?

A

Knee

35
Q

What are the symptoms of septic arthritis?

A 
Severe pain
Swelling
Redness
Heat
Reduced mobility
Temperature
36
Q

How is septic arthritis treated?

A

IV antibiotics

Joint washout

37
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Bone infection caused by bacteria

38
Q

What can lead to osteomyelitis/

A

Trauma
Surgery
Foreign body

39
Q

Who is at an increased risk of osteomyelitis?

A

Diabetes sufferers

40
Q

How does osteomyelitis spread?

A

Haematogenous (blood)

41
Q

What is the most common type of bone tumour?

A

Metastatic cancer disease from a distant cancer e.g. prostate, kidney, breast

42
Q

What are the primary bone tumour types?

A

Benign: osteoid osteoma
Malignant: sarcoma

43
Q

What are the 3 types of normal muscle in the body?

A

Striated
Smooth
Cardiac

44
Q

What is striated muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle involved in voluntary movements e.g. biceps

45
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Walls of GI tract
Ducts
Arteries
Internal organs

46
Q

What type of movement is smooth muscle involved in?

A

Involuntary e.g. bowel peristalsis

47
Q

What controls smooth muscle?

A

Autonomic nervous system

48
Q

What pathology is skeletal muscle involved in?

A

Muscular dystrophies

Neuromuscular disorders

49
Q

What pathology is smooth muscle involved in?

A

Leiomyomas

Pathology (22 decks)

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