Respiratory Tract (non neoplastic) Flashcards
What are 4 examples of upper airway infections?
Rhinitis
Laryngitis
Tonsilitis
Sinusitis
What are the symptoms of upper airway infections?
Malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge
What is the main lower airway infection?
Pneumonia
What are the 3 possible causes of pneumonia?
Infectious agents
Inhalation of chemicals
Chest wall trauma
What are the 6 types of pneumonia?
Community acquired Hospital acquired Aspiration Chronic Necrotising/lung abscesses Immunocompromised host
What are the clinical features of pneumonia?
Fever, rigours, SOB, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum, cough
What organisms are involved in community acquired pneumonia?
Strep. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staph aureus
What is the other name for hospital acquired pneumonia?
Nosocomial pneumonia
What are the bacteria involved in hospital acquired pneumonia?
Gram negative bacili
Staph aureus
What are the clinical presentations of hospital acquired pneumonia?
Fever
Increased white cell count
Cough with purulent sputum
Chest x ray changes
What causes aspiration pneumonia?
Inhalation of foreign material
Where in the lungs does aspiration pneumonia affect?
Right middle and right lower lobe
What does PFT stand for?
Pulmonary function test
What does FVC stand for?
Forced vital capacity
What is emphysema?
Irreversible enlargement of airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole- destruction of wall without fibrosis
What are the 3 types of emphysema?
Centriacinar
Panacinar
Paraseptal
Irregular
What is the pathogenesis of emphysema?
Mild chronic inlfammation
Protease/antiprotease imbalance
+ imbalance of oxidants/antioxidants
Smoking and genetics
What are the symptoms of emphysema?
Dyspnoea, cough, wheezing, weight loss, expiratory airflow limitation, congestive heart failure, pneumothorax
What are the 3 criteria for chronic bronchitis?
Persistent cough with sputum
At least 3 months in at least 2 years
No other cause
What is hypercapnia?
High CO2 levels in blood
What is hypoexmia?
Low O2 levels in blood
What is cor pulmonale?
Enlargement of right side of heart as a result of disease of lungs
What are the 2 types of asthma?
Extrinsic and intrinsic
What is the first stage in asthma?
Genetic predisposition & exposure to environmental triggers
What is the second stage in asthma?
Bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, vasodilation & increased vascular permeability
What is the final stage in asthma?
Inflammation, epithelial daage, more bronchoconstriction
What is atelectasis?
Partial collapse/ incomplete inflation of lung
What is bronchiectasis?
Permanent destruction and dilation of the airways associated with severe infections or obstructions
What is the aetiology (causes) for bronchiectasis?
CF, kartageners, TB, measles
What are the clinical presentations of bronchiectasis?
Persistent cough
Purulent sputum +++
Haemoptysis (coughing up blood)
What are the clinical features of restrictive lung disease?
Dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles, cyanosis, reduced lung volume,
What can restrictive lung disease lead to?
Secondary pulmonary hypertension
Right sided heart failure with cor pulmonale
What is the morphology of restrictive lung disease?
Xray: bilateral infiltrative lesions- small nodules, irregular lines, ground glass shadows, scarring and gross destruction, honeycomb
What is the clinical course of pulmonary embolism?
Abrupt onset pleuritic chest pain
SOB
Hypoxia
Pulmonary vascular resistance
What is the morphology of pulmonary oedema?
Initial fluid accumulation in basal regions
Engorged alveolar capillaries
Alveolar microhaemorhages
Heavy, wet lungs
What are the clinical features of pulmonary oedema?
SOB, pink sputum
What is pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural cavity
What is pneumothorax associated with?
Emphysema, asthma, TB, trauma, idiopathic
What are the type 1 (hypoxia with normal/low PCO2) conditions?
Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema Asthma PE Pulmonary fibrosis ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
What are the type 2 (hypoxia with high PCO2) conditions?
Asthma COPD OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) Neuromuscular disease Thoracic wall disease
