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Pathology > Respiratory Tract (non neoplastic) > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract (non neoplastic) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 examples of upper airway infections?

A

Rhinitis
Laryngitis
Tonsilitis
Sinusitis

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of upper airway infections?

A

Malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge

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3
Q

What is the main lower airway infection?

A

Pneumonia

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4
Q

What are the 3 possible causes of pneumonia?

A

Infectious agents
Inhalation of chemicals
Chest wall trauma

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5
Q

What are the 6 types of pneumonia?

A 
Community acquired
Hospital acquired
Aspiration
Chronic
Necrotising/lung abscesses
Immunocompromised host
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6
Q

What are the clinical features of pneumonia?

A

Fever, rigours, SOB, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum, cough

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7
Q

What organisms are involved in community acquired pneumonia?

A

Strep. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staph aureus

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8
Q

What is the other name for hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

Nosocomial pneumonia

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9
Q

What are the bacteria involved in hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

Gram negative bacili

Staph aureus

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10
Q

What are the clinical presentations of hospital acquired pneumonia?

A

Fever
Increased white cell count
Cough with purulent sputum
Chest x ray changes

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11
Q

What causes aspiration pneumonia?

A

Inhalation of foreign material

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12
Q

Where in the lungs does aspiration pneumonia affect?

A

Right middle and right lower lobe

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13
Q

What does PFT stand for?

A

Pulmonary function test

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14
Q

What does FVC stand for?

A

Forced vital capacity

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15
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Irreversible enlargement of airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole- destruction of wall without fibrosis

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of emphysema?

A

Centriacinar
Panacinar
Paraseptal
Irregular

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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of emphysema?

A

Mild chronic inlfammation
Protease/antiprotease imbalance
+ imbalance of oxidants/antioxidants
Smoking and genetics

18
Q

What are the symptoms of emphysema?

A

Dyspnoea, cough, wheezing, weight loss, expiratory airflow limitation, congestive heart failure, pneumothorax

19
Q

What are the 3 criteria for chronic bronchitis?

A

Persistent cough with sputum
At least 3 months in at least 2 years
No other cause

20
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High CO2 levels in blood

21
Q

What is hypoexmia?

A

Low O2 levels in blood

22
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Enlargement of right side of heart as a result of disease of lungs

23
Q

What are the 2 types of asthma?

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic

24
Q

What is the first stage in asthma?

A

Genetic predisposition & exposure to environmental triggers

25
Q

What is the second stage in asthma?

A

Bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, vasodilation & increased vascular permeability

26
Q

What is the final stage in asthma?

A

Inflammation, epithelial daage, more bronchoconstriction

27
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Partial collapse/ incomplete inflation of lung

28
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent destruction and dilation of the airways associated with severe infections or obstructions

29
Q

What is the aetiology (causes) for bronchiectasis?

A

CF, kartageners, TB, measles

30
Q

What are the clinical presentations of bronchiectasis?

A

Persistent cough
Purulent sputum +++
Haemoptysis (coughing up blood)

31
Q

What are the clinical features of restrictive lung disease?

A

Dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles, cyanosis, reduced lung volume,

32
Q

What can restrictive lung disease lead to?

A

Secondary pulmonary hypertension

Right sided heart failure with cor pulmonale

33
Q

What is the morphology of restrictive lung disease?

A

Xray: bilateral infiltrative lesions- small nodules, irregular lines, ground glass shadows, scarring and gross destruction, honeycomb

34
Q

What is the clinical course of pulmonary embolism?

A

Abrupt onset pleuritic chest pain
SOB
Hypoxia
Pulmonary vascular resistance

35
Q

What is the morphology of pulmonary oedema?

A

Initial fluid accumulation in basal regions
Engorged alveolar capillaries
Alveolar microhaemorhages
Heavy, wet lungs

36
Q

What are the clinical features of pulmonary oedema?

A

SOB, pink sputum

37
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural cavity

38
Q

What is pneumothorax associated with?

A

Emphysema, asthma, TB, trauma, idiopathic

39
Q

What are the type 1 (hypoxia with normal/low PCO2) conditions?

A 
Pneumonia
Pulmonary oedema
Asthma
PE
Pulmonary fibrosis
ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
40
Q

What are the type 2 (hypoxia with high PCO2) conditions?

A 
Asthma
COPD
OSA (obstructive sleep apnea)
Neuromuscular disease
Thoracic wall disease

Pathology (22 decks)

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