Respiratory Tract (non neoplastic)

Question 1

What are 4 examples of upper airway infections?

Answer 1

Rhinitis
Laryngitis
Tonsilitis
Sinusitis

Question 2

What are the symptoms of upper airway infections?

Answer 2

Malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge

Question 3

What is the main lower airway infection?

Answer 3

Pneumonia

Question 4

What are the 3 possible causes of pneumonia?

Answer 4

Infectious agents
Inhalation of chemicals
Chest wall trauma

Question 5

What are the 6 types of pneumonia?

Answer 5

Community acquired
Hospital acquired
Aspiration
Chronic
Necrotising/lung abscesses
Immunocompromised host

Question 6

What are the clinical features of pneumonia?

Answer 6

Fever, rigours, SOB, pleuritic chest pain, purulent sputum, cough

Question 7

What organisms are involved in community acquired pneumonia?

Answer 7

Strep. pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Staph aureus

Question 8

What is the other name for hospital acquired pneumonia?

Answer 8

Nosocomial pneumonia

Question 9

What are the bacteria involved in hospital acquired pneumonia?

Answer 9

Gram negative bacili

Staph aureus

Question 10

What are the clinical presentations of hospital acquired pneumonia?

Answer 10

Fever
Increased white cell count
Cough with purulent sputum
Chest x ray changes

Question 11

What causes aspiration pneumonia?

Answer 11

Inhalation of foreign material

Question 12

Where in the lungs does aspiration pneumonia affect?

Answer 12

Right middle and right lower lobe

Question 13

What does PFT stand for?

Answer 13

Pulmonary function test

Question 14

What does FVC stand for?

Answer 14

Forced vital capacity

Question 15

What is emphysema?

Answer 15

Irreversible enlargement of airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole- destruction of wall without fibrosis

Question 16

What are the 3 types of emphysema?

Answer 16

Centriacinar
Panacinar
Paraseptal
Irregular

Question 17

What is the pathogenesis of emphysema?

Answer 17

Mild chronic inlfammation
Protease/antiprotease imbalance
+ imbalance of oxidants/antioxidants
Smoking and genetics

Question 18

What are the symptoms of emphysema?

Answer 18

Dyspnoea, cough, wheezing, weight loss, expiratory airflow limitation, congestive heart failure, pneumothorax

Question 19

What are the 3 criteria for chronic bronchitis?

Answer 19

Persistent cough with sputum
At least 3 months in at least 2 years
No other cause

Question 20

What is hypercapnia?

Answer 20

High CO2 levels in blood

Question 21

What is hypoexmia?

Answer 21

Low O2 levels in blood

Question 22

What is cor pulmonale?

Answer 22

Enlargement of right side of heart as a result of disease of lungs

Question 23

What are the 2 types of asthma?

Answer 23

Extrinsic and intrinsic

Question 24

What is the first stage in asthma?

Answer 24

Genetic predisposition & exposure to environmental triggers

Question 25

What is the second stage in asthma?

Answer 25

Bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production, vasodilation & increased vascular permeability

Question 26

What is the final stage in asthma?

Answer 26

Inflammation, epithelial daage, more bronchoconstriction

Question 27

What is atelectasis?

Answer 27

Partial collapse/ incomplete inflation of lung

Question 28

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 28

Permanent destruction and dilation of the airways associated with severe infections or obstructions

Question 29

What is the aetiology (causes) for bronchiectasis?

Answer 29

CF, kartageners, TB, measles

Question 30

What are the clinical presentations of bronchiectasis?

Answer 30

Persistent cough Purulent sputum +++ Haemoptysis (coughing up blood)

Question 31

What are the clinical features of restrictive lung disease?

Answer 31

Dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles, cyanosis, reduced lung volume,

Question 32

What can restrictive lung disease lead to?

Answer 32

Secondary pulmonary hypertension | Right sided heart failure with cor pulmonale

Question 33

What is the morphology of restrictive lung disease?

Answer 33

Xray: bilateral infiltrative lesions- small nodules, irregular lines, ground glass shadows, scarring and gross destruction, honeycomb

Question 34

What is the clinical course of pulmonary embolism?

Answer 34

Abrupt onset pleuritic chest pain SOB Hypoxia Pulmonary vascular resistance

Question 35

What is the morphology of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 35

Initial fluid accumulation in basal regions Engorged alveolar capillaries Alveolar microhaemorhages Heavy, wet lungs

Question 36

What are the clinical features of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 36

SOB, pink sputum

Question 37

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 37

Air in the pleural cavity

Question 38

What is pneumothorax associated with?

Answer 38

Emphysema, asthma, TB, trauma, idiopathic

Question 39

What are the type 1 (hypoxia with normal/low PCO2) conditions?

Answer 39

``` Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema Asthma PE Pulmonary fibrosis ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) ```

Question 40

What are the type 2 (hypoxia with high PCO2) conditions?

Answer 40

``` Asthma COPD OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) Neuromuscular disease Thoracic wall disease ```