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Pathology > Central Nervous System 2 > Flashcards

Central Nervous System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is incorporated into cerebrovascular disease?

A

Stroke
Transient ischaemic attack
Intracerebral haemorrhage

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2
Q

When blood flow is reduced in the brain, tissue survival depends on what 3 things?

A

Collateral circulation
Duration of ischaemia
Magnitude/rapidity of flow reduction

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3
Q

Global hypoperfusion can result in what?

A

Generalised neuronal dysfunction

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4
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Bleed in the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Rupture of saccular aneurysms

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6
Q

What are the presenting signs of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Thunderclap headache

Meningitis like

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7
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding from bridging veins between cortex and venous sinuses causes blood between dura and arachnoid

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8
Q

What is the main cause of subdural haemorrhage in the elderly?

A

Minor trauma

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9
Q

What type of drug are those who suffer a subdural haemorrhage often taking?

A

Anticoaguants

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10
Q

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

A

A bleed between the dura mater and the skull

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11
Q

What is the common cause of an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Head injury

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12
Q

What areas of the skull and brain are usually involved in an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Temporal/parietal bone

Middle meningeal artery

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13
Q

What are the top 3 types of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s
Vascular
Lewy bodies

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14
Q

In dementia, what types of dysfunction is the frontal lobe associated with?

A 
Behaviour
Mood
Motivation
Judgement
Planning
Reasoning
Appetite
Continence
Inhibition
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15
Q

In dementia, what types of dysfunction is the temporal lobe associated with?

A

Memory

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16
Q

In dementia, what types of dysfunction is the parietal lobe associated with?

A

Dysphasia

Dyspraxia (coordination)

17
Q

In dementia, what types of dysfunction is the subcortical lobe associated with?

A

Thought process

18
Q

What assessments can be done for dementia?

A 
Thyroid stimulating hormone
CT scan
Vitamin B12
Thiamine
Alcoholism
19
Q

What causes alzheimer’s?

A

Accumulation of AB amyloid, tau-neurofibrillary tangles and plaques
Loss of neurones and synapses

20
Q

What does alzheimer’s cause defects in?

A

Visual-spatial skills
Memory
Cognition
Ansognosia (awareness)

21
Q

What can be used to treat alzheimer’s?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors e.g. rivastigmine

22
Q

What can cause epileptic seizures?

A

Space occupying lesions
Stroke
Alcohol withdrawal

23
Q

How is epilepsy diagnosed?

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Triggers?

24
Q

What are examples of drugs used to manage epilepsy?

A

Sodium valproate
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Lamotragine

25
Q

What is a serious side effect of epilepsy drugs?

A

Teratogenic (disturb development of pregnancy)

26
Q

Is meningitis a diffuse or focal infection?

A

Diffuse

27
Q

Is an abscess a diffuse of focal infection?

A

Focal

28
Q

What are the 3 types of bacterial meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Pneumococcus
Meningocossus

29
Q

What can a brain abscess present as?

A

Headaches
Seizures
Temperature

30
Q

How can a brain abscess be transmitted?

A

Blood

31
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of parkinson’s disease?

A

Sporadic

Familial

32
Q

What are the presentations of tumours?

A 
Headaches
Seizures
Cognitive/behavioural changes
Vomiting
Altered consciousness
33
Q

What are meningiomas?

A

Benign tumours that can be removed surgically

34
Q

What is an astrocytoma?

A

Cancer of the brain

35
Q

How are astrocytomas graded?

A

I-IV

36
Q

What is a glioblastoma?

A

Grade 4 (most agressive) brain cancer, usually fatal

37
Q

How are pituitary tumours removed?

A

Transphenoidally (through the nose)

Pathology (22 decks)

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