Urinary System Flashcards by Danielle Stone

Urinary system

Removes any waste products carried in the blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

5 functions of the urinary system

Blood filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Fluid balance regulation
pH balance regulation
Hormone production
Blood pressure regulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Location of the kidneys

Dorsal wall of the abdomen

Known as retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Retroperitoneal

It sits outside of the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Layers of the kidney from superficial to deep

Renal capsule
Renal cortex (renal corpuscle)
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Renal capsule

most superficial layer
includes an adipose layer that covers it
Relatively thin
Only covers the kidney

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Renal cortex

lies deep to the renal capsule

includes the renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Renal medulla

immediately deep to the renal cortex

includes the funnel-shaped structures seen with a cross-section

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Renal pelvis

most inner layer

collects urine that is created into an elastic funnel for excretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hilum of the kidney

where the renal vessels, nerves, and ureters enter the kidney
Leads directly into the renal pelvis layer of the kidney

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ureters

Urine is collected
Utilize peristalsis to move fluids down tubules
empties into the bladder

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Urinary bladder

Made up of from deep to superficial:
Mucosa lining
Muscular layer
Serosa layer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mucosa lining

allows the urinary bladder to stretch when filled to capacity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscular layer

contracts when stimulated by a parasympathetic response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Serosa layer

A connective tissue layer with embedded adipose tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Urethra

Where the urinary bladder leads urine out for excretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Micturition

urination

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Kidneys have both a _____ ___ and a _____ _____ that brings blood to the kidneys for filtration

Renal vein

Renay artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nephron

the smallest functional unit of the kidney

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sections of the nephron in order of urine flow

Renal artery
Bowman's capsule (Glomerulus)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Afferent arteriole

Arterioles that lead into the glomerular capsule

forms when the renal artery enters the renal pelvis and branches off

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Efferent arteriole

Partially filtered blood leaves the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Peritubular capillaries

wraps around the tubules of the nephron
formed when efferent arteriole branches off to form a network of capillaries
exchange gasses, waste, ions, and compounds
will form venules that join up with the renal vein and back to the caudal vena cava

Glomerulus

The first section of the nephron

initially collects filtered blood

Fenestrations

holes that line the blood vessels that lead into the glomerulus Large enough to allow plasma through too small for blood cells and proteins Sits in the Bowman's capsule

Renal corpuscle

layer formed by the Bowman's capsule, the glomerulus and glomerular capillaries

Podocytes

Specialized cells that form slits that further filter out blood Makes up the epithelium that lines the glomerulus

Every step taken at the glomerular level is to ensure that ____ is filtered out of the blood

Plasma

Glomerular filtration rate

How much plasma is filtered through the glomerulus per minute monitors the health of kidneys as the illness progresses

Functions of the Glomerulus

Filter all received blood by removing plasma, leaving blood cells and proteins Brings all filtered blood to the proximal convoluted tubule

Proximal Convoluted tubule

Where filtrate is brought to | Where reabsorption begins to take place

What makes the proximal convoluted tubule efficient?

Being convoluted which increases length | Being lined with columnar epithelium with microvilli to increase surface area

Proximal Convoluted tubule function

Reabsorb any necessary ions, salts, and other compounds

Loop of Henle consists of what two portions?

Descending loop of Henle | Ascending loop of Henle

Aquaporins

Water pumps that only move water found on the apical surface of the Loop of Henle normally in an inert state unless stimulated used to passively diffuse water down a concentration gradient

How is the concentration gradient formed?

Sodium is moved out of the nephron and into the interstitial space Salinity increases--->hypertonic Causes water to passively diffuse out of the nephron and into the tissues

What is the function of the Loop of Henle?

To reabsorb water

Where does the Loop of Henle move all of its filtrates too?

Distal Convoluted tubule

Where any remaining solutes that need to be reabsorbed will be

What kind of cells does the distal convoluted tubule have?

Cuboidal cells with no brush border

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Where the distal convoluted tubule comes into contact with the glomerulus

What are the two main functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Regulation of the nephron's functions | Release of renin into the bloodstream

What are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule

Reabsorbs any leftover compounds carried by the filtrate Regulates the nephron Releases renin

Collecting Duct

Where the filtrate finally enters Collects urine from other connected DCTs from other nephrons Empties all urine into the renal pelvis ----->ureters--> urinary bladder

In what structure does secretion occur?

Peritubular capillaries

What occurs at the peritubular capillaries

essential compounds are reabsorbed back into the circulatory system diffuse waste products that have not been filtered out into the nephron's tubules

What do secretion and reabsorption ensure?

All waste is effectively removed by the kidneys

The blood carried by the _____ ______, before joining with the _____ ______ _____ is the _____ out of all the blood

renal vein caudal vena cava purest

Anti-diuretic hormone regulation

regulates how much water is reabsorbed back into the circulatory system

How does the anti-diuretic hormone operate?

stimulating aquaporins to assume its intramembrane position | Which causes more water to be absorbed into the cells and into the capillaries

What happens if ADH is not released?

Less water will be reabsorbed | More water will be lost during micturition

What is one of the first organs to be affected by hypotension?

The kidneys

What is the kidney's homeostatic response to low blood pressure?

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

What controls the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

How does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system operate to increase blood pressure?

Release a series of substances that will: Increase blood volume Causing vasoconstriction Retaining sodium

What are the two specific waste products

Blood-urea nitrogen | Creatine