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Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system

A

Removes any waste products carried in the blood

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2
Q

5 functions of the urinary system

A 
Blood filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Fluid balance regulation
pH balance regulation
Hormone production
Blood pressure regulation
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3
Q

Location of the kidneys

A

Dorsal wall of the abdomen

Known as retroperitoneal

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4
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

It sits outside of the peritoneal cavity

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5
Q

Layers of the kidney from superficial to deep

A

Renal capsule
Renal cortex (renal corpuscle)
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis

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6
Q

Renal capsule

A

most superficial layer
includes an adipose layer that covers it
Relatively thin
Only covers the kidney

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7
Q

Renal cortex

A

lies deep to the renal capsule

includes the renal corpuscle

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8
Q

Renal medulla

A

immediately deep to the renal cortex

includes the funnel-shaped structures seen with a cross-section

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9
Q

Renal pelvis

A

most inner layer

collects urine that is created into an elastic funnel for excretion

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10
Q

Hilum of the kidney

A

where the renal vessels, nerves, and ureters enter the kidney
Leads directly into the renal pelvis layer of the kidney

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11
Q

Ureters

A

Urine is collected
Utilize peristalsis to move fluids down tubules
empties into the bladder

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12
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Made up of from deep to superficial:
Mucosa lining
Muscular layer
Serosa layer

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13
Q

Mucosa lining

A

allows the urinary bladder to stretch when filled to capacity

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14
Q

Muscular layer

A

contracts when stimulated by a parasympathetic response

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15
Q

Serosa layer

A

A connective tissue layer with embedded adipose tissue

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16
Q

Urethra

A

Where the urinary bladder leads urine out for excretion

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17
Q

Micturition

A

urination

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18
Q

Kidneys have both a _____ ___ and a _____ _____ that brings blood to the kidneys for filtration

A

Renal vein

Renay artery

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19
Q

Nephron

A

the smallest functional unit of the kidney

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20
Q

Sections of the nephron in order of urine flow

A 
Renal artery
Bowman's capsule (Glomerulus)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
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21
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Arterioles that lead into the glomerular capsule

forms when the renal artery enters the renal pelvis and branches off

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22
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Partially filtered blood leaves the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

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23
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A
  • wraps around the tubules of the nephron
  • formed when efferent arteriole branches off to form a network of capillaries
  • exchange gasses, waste, ions, and compounds
  • will form venules that join up with the renal vein and back to the caudal vena cava
24
Q

Glomerulus

A

The first section of the nephron

initially collects filtered blood

25
Q

Fenestrations

A

holes that line the blood vessels that lead into the glomerulus
Large enough to allow plasma through
too small for blood cells and proteins
Sits in the Bowman’s capsule

26
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

layer formed by the Bowman’s capsule, the glomerulus and glomerular capillaries

27
Q

Podocytes

A

Specialized cells that form slits that further filter out blood
Makes up the epithelium that lines the glomerulus

28
Q

Every step taken at the glomerular level is to ensure that ____ is filtered out of the blood

A

Plasma

29
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

How much plasma is filtered through the glomerulus per minute
monitors the health of kidneys as the illness progresses

30
Q

Functions of the Glomerulus

A

Filter all received blood by removing plasma, leaving blood cells and proteins
Brings all filtered blood to the proximal convoluted tubule

31
Q

Proximal Convoluted tubule

A

Where filtrate is brought to

Where reabsorption begins to take place

32
Q

What makes the proximal convoluted tubule efficient?

A

Being convoluted which increases length

Being lined with columnar epithelium with microvilli to increase surface area

33
Q

Proximal Convoluted tubule function

A

Reabsorb any necessary ions, salts, and other compounds

34
Q

Loop of Henle consists of what two portions?

A

Descending loop of Henle

Ascending loop of Henle

35
Q

Aquaporins

A

Water pumps that only move water
found on the apical surface of the Loop of Henle
normally in an inert state unless stimulated
used to passively diffuse water down a concentration gradient

36
Q

How is the concentration gradient formed?

A

Sodium is moved out of the nephron and into the interstitial space
Salinity increases—>hypertonic
Causes water to passively diffuse out of the nephron and into the tissues

37
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle?

A

To reabsorb water

38
Q

Where does the Loop of Henle move all of its filtrates too?

A

Distal Convoluted tubule

39
Q

Distal Convoluted tubule

A

Where any remaining solutes that need to be reabsorbed will be

40
Q

What kind of cells does the distal convoluted tubule have?

A

Cuboidal cells with no brush border

41
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Where the distal convoluted tubule comes into contact with the glomerulus

42
Q

What are the two main functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Regulation of the nephron’s functions

Release of renin into the bloodstream

43
Q

What are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorbs any leftover compounds carried by the filtrate
Regulates the nephron
Releases renin

44
Q

Collecting Duct

A

Where the filtrate finally enters
Collects urine from other connected DCTs from other nephrons
Empties all urine into the renal pelvis —–>ureters–> urinary bladder

45
Q

In what structure does secretion occur?

A

Peritubular capillaries

46
Q

What occurs at the peritubular capillaries

A

essential compounds are reabsorbed back into the circulatory system
diffuse waste products that have not been filtered out into the nephron’s tubules

47
Q

What do secretion and reabsorption ensure?

A

All waste is effectively removed by the kidneys

48
Q

The blood carried by the _____ ______, before joining with the _____ ______ _____ is the _____ out of all the blood

A

renal vein
caudal vena cava
purest

49
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone regulation

A

regulates how much water is reabsorbed back into the circulatory system

50
Q

How does the anti-diuretic hormone operate?

A

stimulating aquaporins to assume its intramembrane position

Which causes more water to be absorbed into the cells and into the capillaries

51
Q

What happens if ADH is not released?

A

Less water will be reabsorbed

More water will be lost during micturition

52
Q

What is one of the first organs to be affected by hypotension?

A

The kidneys

53
Q

What is the kidney’s homeostatic response to low blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

54
Q

What controls the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

55
Q

How does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system operate to increase blood pressure?

A

Release a series of substances that will:
Increase blood volume
Causing vasoconstriction
Retaining sodium

56
Q

What are the two specific waste products

A

Blood-urea nitrogen

Creatine

Anatomy and Physiology (36 decks)

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