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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Negative feedback

A

occurs when the level of activity is decreased by rising levels of a hormone or substance

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2
Q

Positive feedback

A

occurs when the levels of activity are increased by rising levels of a hormone or substance

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3
Q

Hypothalamus

A

located just ventral to the thalamus

works very closely with the pituitary gland

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4
Q

Hormones of the Hypothalamus

A

Oxytocin
ADH–>antidiuretic hormone
CRH–>Corticotropic-releasing hormone

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5
Q

Oxytocin

A

causes contractions during parturition

synthesized by the hypothalamus but is stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

signals the kidneys to retain water

synethesized by the hypothalamus but is stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

Corticotropic-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Signals the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

released by the hypothalamus

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8
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

ventral to the hypothalamus

most posterior of the two pituitary glands

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9
Q

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland

A 
Oxytocin 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Synthesized by the hypothalamus, stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

ventral to the hypothalamus

most anterior of the two

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11
Q

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

A 
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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12
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates and maintains lactation

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13
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the release of cortisol by the adrenal glands

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14
Q

Thyroid gland

A
  • Lateral sides of the trachea, closer to the larynx
  • 2 thyroid glands one on each side of the trachea
  • can be palpated when enlarged
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15
Q

Hormones of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone T3 and T4

Calcitonin

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16
Q

Thyroid hormone T3 and T4

A

promotes growth and metabolism

when thyroid hormone is needed T4 is converted to T3 in the liver, kidneys and muscles

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17
Q

Calcitonin

A

lowers calcium levels by causing calcium to become deposited into the bone tissue (osteoblasts)

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18
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

very small gland located on the superior end of the thyroid glands

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19
Q

Hormones of the Parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid hormones

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20
Q

Parathyroid hormones

A

increases calcium

causing the kidneys to retain calcium
causing the intestines to absorb calcium
triggering the release of calcium from bone tissue (osteoclasts)

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21
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Attached to the cranial ends of each kidney

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22
Q

Adrenal glands regions

A

Superficial to deep

  1. Adrenal cortex
  2. Adrenal medulla
23
Q

Adrenal cortex layers

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
24
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

releases mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone

25
Zona fasciculata
releases glucocorticoids | Cortisol
26
Zona reticularis
releases androgens Estrogens Testosterone
27
Adrenal medulla
resleases catecholamines Epinephrine Norepinephrine
28
Hormones of the Adrenal glands
``` Aldosterone Cortisol Estrogens Testosterone Epinephrine Norepinephrine ```
29
Aldosterone
- mineralocorticoid - released by zona glomerulosa - maintains blood pressure by triggering the kidneys to retain sodim
30
Cortisol
- glucocorticoid - released by the zona fasciculata - the chief narutral steroid of the body
31
Pancreas
in the abdomen, caudal to the stomach and medial to the duodenum important functions in the digestive and endocrine system can have both endocrine and exocrine functions
32
Islets of Langerhands
portion of the pancreas that conducts endocrine functions | 2 major cell types: alpha and beta cells
33
Hormones of the Pancreas
Insulin | Glucagon
34
Insulin
Released by beta cells to lower blood glucose triggers surrounding tissue to absorb glucose in the blood stream and to convert them to glycogen (storage unit of glucose)
35
Glucagon
Released by alpha cells to increase blood glucose Triggers the liver to convert glycogen into glucose to be deposited into the bloodstream
36
Hormones of the kidneys
Erythropoietin and Renin
37
Erythropoietin
stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow (erythropoiesis)
38
Renin
released during cases of hypotension (low-blood pressure) or hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) a major component of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
39
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Organ systems involved
Kidneys Liver Lungs/heart Adrenal glands
40
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- kidneys release renin when renal blood supply decreases - liver releases angiotensinogen-->converted to angiotensin 1 by renin - Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 in the lungs
41
Angiotensin 2 functions
Vasoconstriction Triggers release of aldosterone in the adrenal glands Triggers release of ADH in the pituitary gland Signals the kidneys to retain water-->increases blood pressure
42
Hormones of the Stomach and Small Intestines
Gastrin | Secretin
43
Gastrin
A hormone released by the stomach that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid causes stomach contractions
44
Secretin
a hormone released by the small intestines stimulates the release of sodium bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize (buffer) the acidity of hydrochloric acid
45
Diabetes insipidus
disease of the hypothalamus caused when ADH is not synthesized by the hypothalamus or released by the posterior pituitary gland Can cause extreme dehydration
46
Diabetes insipidus- | Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
prevents loss of water by acting on two bodily systems, signals the kidney to retain water and signals the animal to consume water (nervous system-thirst)
47
Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison disease)
- disease of the adrenal glands - Occurs when adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is not released by the pituitary gland - hypothalamus does not release CRH to trigger the release of ACTH
48
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing disease)
- disease of the adrenal glands - occurs if too much cortisol is produced by the adrenal gland - can be caused by the adrenal glands becoming over stimulated due to inflammation or cancer or influx of messenger hormones
49
Diabetes mellitus
- disease of the pancreas - directly involves blood glucose levels - characterized as having a blood glucose that is consistently higher than normal due to 2 causes
50
Two causes of Diabetes mellitus: Type 1
Pancreatic insufficiency
51
Two causes of Diabetes mellitus: Type 2
Decreased sensitivity to insulin
52
Hyperthyroidism
- disease of the thyroid gland - more common in cats - occurs when too many thyroid hormones are released into the bloodstream - causes extreme increase in metabolism - Symptoms: PU/PD, increase hunger, polyphagia
53
Hypothyroidism
- disease of the thyroid - more common in dogs - caused when too little thyroid hormones are released into the bloodstream - Symptoms: lethargy, ataxia, rapid weight gain

Anatomy and Physiology (36 decks)

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