Cardiovascular System

Question 1

4 basic layers

Answer 1

Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 2

Pericardium

Answer 2

Divided into two parts:

1. Fibrous Pericardium
2. Serous Pericardium

Question 3

Fibrous Pericardium

Answer 3

Thick, fibrous layer that surrounds the entire pericardium

Question 4

Serous Pericardium

Answer 4

Surrounds the fluid-filled pericardial space
Made up of two layers
1. Parietal pericardium
2. Visceral pericardium

Question 5

Parietal pericardium

Answer 5

Layer making up the superficial wall of the pericardial space

Question 6

Visceral pericardium

Answer 6

Layer making up the deep wall of the pericardial space

Epicardium

Question 7

Epicardium

Answer 7

The visceral pericardium
technically the thickest layer of the pericardium
Within the pericardial space is the pericardial fluid

Question 8

Pericardial fluid

Answer 8

Helps protect the heart from external trauma

lubricates the mechanical components of the heart

Question 9

Myocardium

Answer 9

The muscular layer of the heart
made up of cardiac muscle tissue
thickest layer

Question 10

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the rest of the chambers?

Answer 10

Due to increased cardiac effort to pump blood to the rest of the body

Question 11

Endocardium

Answer 11

The deepest layer of the heart

Lined with trabeculae

Question 12

Trabeculae

Answer 12

Disrupts the smooth surface of the inner heart preventing unwanted suction
serves as the origin point of the chordae tendineae of the heart

Question 13

Four chambers of the heart

Answer 13

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Chambers are always filled with blood
Allows chambers to move blood whenever the heart pumps

Question 14

When the heart pumps:

Answer 14

• The atrium will contract first, pushing all blood into the ventricles
• The ventricles contract and its contents are sent to either the lungs or the aorta
• “lub-dub”

Question 15

Interventricular septum

Answer 15

Separates the ventricles

Question 16

Interatrial septum

Answer 16

Separates the atria

Question 17

Valves

Answer 17

• Open and close as the heart pumps
• prevents blood from flowing backward
• Two types of valves
• Made of cusps

Question 18

Atrioventricular valve

Answer 18

Lies between the atria and the ventricles

Contains two valves: Tricuspid and bicuspid

Question 19

Semilunar valve

Answer 19

Lies between the ventricles and the external heart

Composed of two valves: Pulmonary valve and the Aortic valve

Question 20

Cusps

Answer 20

Acts as a trap door
Opening and closing as needed
Every valve except the mitral valve contains three cusps

Question 21

Tricuspid valve

Answer 21

lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Always on the right

Question 22

Bicuspid valve

Answer 22

Mitral valve
Lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Always on the left

Question 23

Pulmonary valve

Answer 23

Lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Closer to the sternum
Ventral

Question 24

Aortic valve

Answer 24

Lies between the left ventricle and the aorta

Dorsal

Question 25

Chordae Tendineae

Answer 25

Control the atrioventricular valves | tendon-like structure

Question 26

"Lub-Dub"

Answer 26

Lub=the atrioventricular valves shut close | Dub=Semilunar valves shut close

Question 27

Vena Cava

Answer 27

Largest vein in the body Brings all blood back to the heart Cranial vena cava and caudal vena cava both empty into the right atrium

Question 28

Aorta

Answer 28

The largest artery in the body | Leads blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 29

Pulmonary artery

Answer 29

Brings blood from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange | unoxygenated blood

Question 30

Pulmonary vein

Answer 30

Brings blood from the lungs to the heart after gas exchange has occurred oxygenated blood

Question 31

Artery

Answer 31

A blood vessel that brings blood away from the heart and towards tissues

Question 32

Arteriole

Answer 32

A smaller artery

Question 33

Vein

Answer 33

A blood vessel that brings blood towards the heart and away from the tissues

Question 34

Venule

Answer 34

Smaller vein

Question 35

Capillary

Answer 35

The smallest blood vessels where molecular exchange occurs | Connect arterioles and venules together

Question 36

Coronary arteries

Answer 36

Supply blood to the heart | Branches from the aorta and wrap around the heart

Question 37

Vasa vasorum

Answer 37

Supplies blood to blood vessels | Stems from the walls of the arteries and returns immediately to the vessel wall

Question 38

Systole

Answer 38

The phase of the heartbeat where the chambers contract and expel blood from its cavity

Question 39

Diastole

Answer 39

The phase of the heartbeat where the chambers relax and allow blood to refill the cavity

Question 40

Cardiac conduction

Answer 40

Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers

Question 41

Cardiac conduction Impulse

Answer 41

Begins at the Sinoatrial node Travels to the atrioventricular node which causes the atrium to contract Travels down the bundle of His towards the apex Then loops back up through the Purkinje fibers which causes the ventricles to contract

Question 42

Electrocardiogram

Answer 42

Measures the electrical activity of the heart

Question 43

P-wave

Answer 43

atrial depolarization

Question 44

QRS complex

Answer 44

Ventricular depolarization

Question 45

T-wave

Answer 45

Ventricular repolarization

Question 46

VPC

Answer 46

Ventricular premature contraction

Question 47

V-fib

Answer 47

Ventricular fibrillation | electrical activities moving all over the heart instead of the normal flow

Question 48

Sinus Arrhythmia

Answer 48

With the animals breathing pattern