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Anatomy and Physiology > Nutrients and Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrients and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Starches
Sugars
Glycogen
Cellulose

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2
Q

Lipids

A

Phospholipids
Steroids
Neutral fats (triglycerides)

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3
Q

Proteins

A

Collagen
Insulin
Enzymes

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4
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

DNA

RNA

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5
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

What are the monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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7
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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8
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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9
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Any substance that is used in the body for growth, energy and survival

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10
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The building and breaking down the various nutrients that animals ingest

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11
Q

The six categories of nutrients are…

A 
Water
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
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12
Q

What is an essential nutrient

A

Nutrients that must be added from an external source

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13
Q

Four categories of essential nutrients

A

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
Essential vitamins
Essential minerals

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14
Q

Where do carbohydrates come from?

A

Plants and milk

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15
Q

What is an important aspect of metabolizing carbohydrates?

A

To form glucose

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16
Q

What is glucose?

A

A monosaccharide fuel that cells need to generate ATP

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17
Q

What two cells exclusively use glucose as fuel?

A

Erythrocytes and neurons

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18
Q

True or False: Canines and felines need to ingest large amounts of carbohydrates

A

False

Canines and felines can receive an adequate amount of sugar from proteins and fats

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19
Q

What can glucose be converted into when not used as energy or stored as glycogen?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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20
Q

Characteristics of lipids

A

Poor water solubility

Cannot bind to polar ends

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21
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Utilized by the body to transfer lipids in the blood

Can easily carry free triglycerides and cholesterol in the bloodstream

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22
Q

What is the main structure that absorbs lipids in the small intestine?

A

Lacteals

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23
Q

Neutral fats

A

Stores energy and fat-soluble vitamins

Cushions and insulates organs

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24
Q

What vitamins are water-soluble?

A

Vitamins B and C

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25
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E, K
26
Phospholipids
Forms the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes
27
Cholesterol
Most important steroid in the body Used as a precursor to make any of the steroids precursor for testosterone and estrogen
28
Three clinically significant essential fatty acids
``` Linoleic acid (Omega-6) Linolenic acid (Omega-3) Arachidonic acid (Omega-6) ```
29
Which essential fatty acids do animals need more than any other
Linoleic acid | Omega 6
30
What do proteins form?
- The structure of muscles and other connective tissue via collagen and other fibers - The channels and pumps needed to move ions pass the cell membrane during an action potential - The enzymes used to carry out countless chemical reactions
31
What is every protein genetically sequenced by?
A combination of any of the 20 amino acids that make up all proteins
32
How many amino acids are essential?
10 of the 20
33
What is the all or nothing rule?
A cell must have all of the necessary amino acids to make a certain protein or it will not begin the anabolic process
34
What are amino acids sequenced by?
In a certain order by the nucleotides of DNA to create whatever protein needs to be made
35
Vitamins
One of the least consumed nutrients by volume | Plays a large role in the regulation of chemical reactions in the body
36
Solubility
The solubility of vitamins determines how long a vitamin stays in the body
37
Water-soluble viatmins
Cannot pass through the cell wall easily | Excess amounts are excreted rather quickly
38
Fat-soluble vitamins
Can pass into tissue cells where it will be stored for much longer
39
What are the functions of vitamin B?
Used in the process of creating ATP | Can be used as a fluid-additive to provide some energy to debilitated animals
40
What are the functions of vitamin K?
Used extensively in the clotting cascade | Can be given as an injection for animals with severe clotting disorders
41
What are the functions of vitamin D?
Used for healthy bone production and health | Animals need daily access to sunlight as they are unable to synthesize vitamin D on their own
42
Minerals
Chemical elements that are derived from external sources Consumed in very small amounts Vital for organ health
43
What are examples of minerals
Iodine, magnesium, silicon
44
Iodine
Relatively small required intake | Necessary for the health of the thyroid
45
What are the classifications of minerals?
Macrominerals Microminerals Trace minerals
46
What do the classifications of minerals determine?
The amount that is required by the body
47
Nutritional metabolism
Dedicated to creating energy and raw materials from the food that is ingested Revolves around a series of chemical reactions
48
Nutritional metabolism performs in two ways
Catabolism | Anabolism
49
Catabolism
Breaking down complex molecules into smaller and simplex components
50
Anabolism
The building of newer complex molecules | Typically by using the materials created during catabolism
51
An example of Catabolism
The breaking down of a starch molecule into the simple sugar monomer
52
What is an example of Anabolism?
The process of taking the monomers of starches and using it to create a complex molecule
53
In what states can metabolism occur
Absorptive state | Post-absorptive state
54
Absorptive state
Occurs when there are nutrients actively in the GI tract and can be used for catabolic and anabolic purposes
55
Post-absorptive state
Occurs during instances of fasting when the GI tract is empty and the body must rely on using stored components for metabolism
56
Cellular Respiration
The process of synthesizing glucose into unstable energy or ATP
57
What are the basic three stages of cellular respiration
GI tract stage Cytosol stage Mitochondrial stage
58
GI tract stage
Involves the catabolism of nutrients, specifically sugar, derived from the food ingested
59
Cytosol stage
Glucose created The liver can use glucose to create ATP Free oxygen is not needed at this stage
60
Glycolysis
Cleaves glucose into smaller components Glucose eventually forms pyruvic acid and then acetyl-CoA ATP is created simultaneously Free oxygen is not needed during this stage
61
What is Pyruvate converted into and where is it brought to for oxidation?
Acetyl-CoA | Mitochondria
62
What is Acetyl-CoA oxidized into and what other compound does it create
CO2 | NADH
63
What system is NADH used in and what does it further create?
Electron transport chain | ATP
64
Erythrocytes
Excellent carriers of glucose Utilize them to create energy Can only carry out cellular respiration up to the cytosol stage
65
What are the true stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis (occurs within the cytosol stage) Krebs Cycle Electron transport stage (in the mitochondria=anerobic respiration)
66
In which stage does anaerobic respiration occur?
Glycolysis
67
In which stage does aerobic respiration occur?
Electron transport chain or mitochondrial stage

Anatomy and Physiology (36 decks)

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