Pregnancy, Development, and Lactation

Question 1

Fertilization

Answer 1

The successful fusion of spermatocyte and ovum

Question 2

What is the primary reason meiosis is conducted?

Answer 2

So that both gametes have half the amount of chromosomes that the animal requires

Question 3

Where must mature spermatozoa travel through to find an ovum for fertilization?

Answer 3

The female reproductive system

Question 4

Inadequate spermatozoa count and inability to navigate, the acidic environment of the vaginal canal and urethral lumen, mucoid barriers, and the immune system of the vaginal canal and uterus are all examples of what?

Answer 4

Factors that can inhibit a successful fertilization

Question 5

What is the final maturation of the spermatozoa that allows it to successfully penetrate an ovum wall?

Answer 5

Capacitation

Question 6

When does capacitation occur?

Answer 6

When the spermatozoa has entered the superior reproductive tract

Question 7

What secretes several proteins that trigger capacitation?

Answer 7

The uterus

Question 8

What is a membrane-like structure at the end of the spermatozoa?

Answer 8

Acrosome

Question 9

What happens when the spermatozoa are capacitated?

Answer 9

The acrosome begins to degrade

Question 10

What does the degradation of the acrosome allow?

Answer 10

Withheld enzymes leak out of the vacuoles

Question 11

Enzymes leaking out of vacuoles are the key to what?

Answer 11

Penetration of the ovum wall

Question 12

What happens once the spermatozoa make their way through the outer layers of the ovum?

Answer 12

It gains access to the sperm-binding receptors within the inner layers

Question 13

What happens once the spermatozoa deposit its contents into the ovum?

Answer 13

The ovum degrades all surrounding sperm-binding receptors thus sealing it off to all other sperm

Question 14

Once the spermatozoa enters the ovum, the spermatozoa nucleus enlarges to form a ______ _____, the nucleus of the ovum, the _______ ________ also enlarges. A _______ _______ forms between the two nuclei. This act will form a ______ _____. Thus marking a successful _________.

Answer 14

male pronucleus; female pronucleus; mitotic spindle; diploid zygote; fertilization

Question 15

What happens at the cleavage stage

Answer 15

The zygote will begin to divide via mitosis

Question 16

Morula

Answer 16

When the zygote’s inner cells have multiplied to form a large amount of even tinier cells they bundle to form the morula

Question 17

What does the formation of a morula mark the end of?

Answer 17

The Cleavage stage or telophase

Question 18

When does a morula become a blastocyst

Answer 18

when it spreads its cells to the outer walls, forming a hollow cavity

Question 19

Blastocyst

Answer 19

is filled with fluid
Has two important structures:
Inner cell mass
Outer trophoblast

Question 20

Inner cell mass

Answer 20

Eventually forms the embryo

Question 21

Outer trophoblast

Answer 21

Eventually forms the placenta and the amniotic sac

Question 22

What is implantation

Answer 22

The process in which a blastocyte will then attach itself to the uterine wall

Question 23

What does the blastocyte do to avoid the negative outcome of the estrous cycle?

Answer 23

Trigger the release of hormones to continue the hormonal release within the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.
Preventing the removal of the endometrial lining

Question 24

What is the placenta?

Answer 24

An organ made up of material and embryonic tissues

Question 25

What does the placenta allow for?

Answer 25

the exchange of wastes and nutrients between the fetal and the maternal bloodstream

Question 26

What is the placenta formed by?

Answer 26

Trophoblasts along with the amniotic sac of the initial blastocyst

Question 27

What are the four placental attachment types

Answer 27

Diffuse Cotyledon Zonary Discoid

Question 28

Diffuse Placental Attachment

Answer 28

Attachment sites that are spread throughout the entire surface of the lining of the uterus

Question 29

In what animals is the diffuse placental attachment present?

Answer 29

Pigs Horses Camelids

Question 30

Cotyledonary Placental Attachment

Answer 30

Multiple attachment sites

Question 31

In what animals is the cotyledonary placental attachment present?

Answer 31

Cattle Sheep Goats

Question 32

Zonary Placental attachment

Answer 32

attachment points that wrap around the placenta like a belt | Most common encountered

Question 33

In what animals is the zonary placental attachment present in?

Answer 33

Dogs and cats

Question 34

Discoid Placental Attachment

Answer 34

Attachment point on the uterus in the shape of a disc

Question 35

In what animals is the discoid placental attachment present in?

Answer 35

Primates, rabbits, and rodents

Question 36

What begins to develop at the same time as the placenta?

Answer 36

The embryo

Question 37

Gestation

Answer 37

The period of pregnancy or the act of carrying offspring

Question 38

What are the functions of hormones that are released during gestation?

Answer 38

Allow the fetus to grow The mammary glands to swell in preparation for lactation To store glucose Store calcium

Question 39

Parturition

Answer 39

The act of birthing offspring

Question 40

Parturition is divided into three sections

Answer 40

Uterine and cervical contractions Delivery of the newborn Delivery of the placenta

Question 41

In what stage of parturition does the cervix dilate, the myometrium of the uterus begin to undulate and contract?

Answer 41

The uterine and cervical contraction stage | The first stage of parturition

Question 42

What signs does the mother exhibit during the first stage of parturition?

Answer 42

Distress, restlessness, nesting

Question 43

What is the second stage of parturition?

Answer 43

The delivery of the newborn

Question 44

What is the third stage of parturition?

Answer 44

Delivery of the placenta

Question 45

What happens during the third stage of parturition?

Answer 45

The placenta usually detaches from the uterine wall after the delivery If the mother is conscious they will usually ingest it

Question 46

In what placental attachment type is placental retaining the highest

Answer 46

Cotyledonary

Question 47

What happens after delivery?

Answer 47

the endometrium lining will begin to slough off so that the uterine lining can heal over

Question 48

What will continue to contract to remove any unwanted tissue to achieve homeostasis of the placental attachment sites?

Answer 48

The myometrium

Question 49

Colostrum

Answer 49

The initial milk released during lactation. | It contains nutrients and antibodies

Question 50

What does the ingestion of the colostrum benefit?

Answer 50

The immune system | It creates a passive natural immunity

Question 51

Passive Natural Immunity

Answer 51

Does not require any active processes

Question 52

Active natural immunity

Answer 52

Body actively creates antibodies

Question 53

Passive Artificial immunity

Answer 53

Vaccines

Question 54

Active Artificial immunity

Answer 54

Actively in the body counteracting pathogens | an injection of antibodies

Question 55

Meconium

Answer 55

The first feces released by a newborn | It is sticky and tar-like

Question 56

What is the substance made up of that fills the intestinal tract of the newborn?

Answer 56

Epithelial tissue, amniotic fluid, bile, water

Question 57

What is milk let-down

Answer 57

the act of moving milk into the sinuses

Question 58

Where does milk accumulate prior to milk let-down

Answer 58

Outer reaches of the teat | the Exocrine cells

Question 59

What hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland stimulates milk let-down?

Answer 59

Oxytocin

Question 60

What does Oxytocin also stimulate?

Answer 60

the muscles to contract, squeezing milk into the sinuses of the teats