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Anatomy and Physiology > Pregnancy, Development, and Lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy, Development, and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Fertilization

A

The successful fusion of spermatocyte and ovum

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2
Q

What is the primary reason meiosis is conducted?

A

So that both gametes have half the amount of chromosomes that the animal requires

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3
Q

Where must mature spermatozoa travel through to find an ovum for fertilization?

A

The female reproductive system

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4
Q

Inadequate spermatozoa count and inability to navigate, the acidic environment of the vaginal canal and urethral lumen, mucoid barriers, and the immune system of the vaginal canal and uterus are all examples of what?

A

Factors that can inhibit a successful fertilization

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5
Q

What is the final maturation of the spermatozoa that allows it to successfully penetrate an ovum wall?

A

Capacitation

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6
Q

When does capacitation occur?

A

When the spermatozoa has entered the superior reproductive tract

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7
Q

What secretes several proteins that trigger capacitation?

A

The uterus

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8
Q

What is a membrane-like structure at the end of the spermatozoa?

A

Acrosome

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9
Q

What happens when the spermatozoa are capacitated?

A

The acrosome begins to degrade

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10
Q

What does the degradation of the acrosome allow?

A

Withheld enzymes leak out of the vacuoles

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11
Q

Enzymes leaking out of vacuoles are the key to what?

A

Penetration of the ovum wall

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12
Q

What happens once the spermatozoa make their way through the outer layers of the ovum?

A

It gains access to the sperm-binding receptors within the inner layers

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13
Q

What happens once the spermatozoa deposit its contents into the ovum?

A

The ovum degrades all surrounding sperm-binding receptors thus sealing it off to all other sperm

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14
Q

Once the spermatozoa enters the ovum, the spermatozoa nucleus enlarges to form a ______ _____, the nucleus of the ovum, the _______ ________ also enlarges. A _______ _______ forms between the two nuclei. This act will form a ______ _____. Thus marking a successful _________.

A

male pronucleus; female pronucleus; mitotic spindle; diploid zygote; fertilization

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15
Q

What happens at the cleavage stage

A

The zygote will begin to divide via mitosis

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16
Q

Morula

A

When the zygote’s inner cells have multiplied to form a large amount of even tinier cells they bundle to form the morula

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17
Q

What does the formation of a morula mark the end of?

A

The Cleavage stage or telophase

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18
Q

When does a morula become a blastocyst

A

when it spreads its cells to the outer walls, forming a hollow cavity

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19
Q

Blastocyst

A

is filled with fluid
Has two important structures:
Inner cell mass
Outer trophoblast

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20
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Eventually forms the embryo

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21
Q

Outer trophoblast

A

Eventually forms the placenta and the amniotic sac

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22
Q

What is implantation

A

The process in which a blastocyte will then attach itself to the uterine wall

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23
Q

What does the blastocyte do to avoid the negative outcome of the estrous cycle?

A

Trigger the release of hormones to continue the hormonal release within the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.
Preventing the removal of the endometrial lining

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24
Q

What is the placenta?

A

An organ made up of material and embryonic tissues

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25
Q

What does the placenta allow for?

A

the exchange of wastes and nutrients between the fetal and the maternal bloodstream

26
Q

What is the placenta formed by?

A

Trophoblasts along with the amniotic sac of the initial blastocyst

27
Q

What are the four placental attachment types

A

Diffuse
Cotyledon
Zonary
Discoid

28
Q

Diffuse Placental Attachment

A

Attachment sites that are spread throughout the entire surface of the lining of the uterus

29
Q

In what animals is the diffuse placental attachment present?

A

Pigs
Horses
Camelids

30
Q

Cotyledonary Placental Attachment

A

Multiple attachment sites

31
Q

In what animals is the cotyledonary placental attachment present?

A

Cattle
Sheep
Goats

32
Q

Zonary Placental attachment

A

attachment points that wrap around the placenta like a belt

Most common encountered

33
Q

In what animals is the zonary placental attachment present in?

A

Dogs and cats

34
Q

Discoid Placental Attachment

A

Attachment point on the uterus in the shape of a disc

35
Q

In what animals is the discoid placental attachment present in?

A

Primates, rabbits, and rodents

36
Q

What begins to develop at the same time as the placenta?

A

The embryo

37
Q

Gestation

A

The period of pregnancy or the act of carrying offspring

38
Q

What are the functions of hormones that are released during gestation?

A

Allow the fetus to grow
The mammary glands to swell in preparation for lactation
To store glucose
Store calcium

39
Q

Parturition

A

The act of birthing offspring

40
Q

Parturition is divided into three sections

A

Uterine and cervical contractions
Delivery of the newborn
Delivery of the placenta

41
Q

In what stage of parturition does the cervix dilate, the myometrium of the uterus begin to undulate and contract?

A

The uterine and cervical contraction stage

The first stage of parturition

42
Q

What signs does the mother exhibit during the first stage of parturition?

A

Distress, restlessness, nesting

43
Q

What is the second stage of parturition?

A

The delivery of the newborn

44
Q

What is the third stage of parturition?

A

Delivery of the placenta

45
Q

What happens during the third stage of parturition?

A

The placenta usually detaches from the uterine wall after the delivery
If the mother is conscious they will usually ingest it

46
Q

In what placental attachment type is placental retaining the highest

A

Cotyledonary

47
Q

What happens after delivery?

A

the endometrium lining will begin to slough off so that the uterine lining can heal over

48
Q

What will continue to contract to remove any unwanted tissue to achieve homeostasis of the placental attachment sites?

A

The myometrium

49
Q

Colostrum

A

The initial milk released during lactation.

It contains nutrients and antibodies

50
Q

What does the ingestion of the colostrum benefit?

A

The immune system

It creates a passive natural immunity

51
Q

Passive Natural Immunity

A

Does not require any active processes

52
Q

Active natural immunity

A

Body actively creates antibodies

53
Q

Passive Artificial immunity

A

Vaccines

54
Q

Active Artificial immunity

A

Actively in the body counteracting pathogens

an injection of antibodies

55
Q

Meconium

A

The first feces released by a newborn

It is sticky and tar-like

56
Q

What is the substance made up of that fills the intestinal tract of the newborn?

A

Epithelial tissue, amniotic fluid, bile, water

57
Q

What is milk let-down

A

the act of moving milk into the sinuses

58
Q

Where does milk accumulate prior to milk let-down

A

Outer reaches of the teat

the Exocrine cells

59
Q

What hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland stimulates milk let-down?

A

Oxytocin

60
Q

What does Oxytocin also stimulate?

A

the muscles to contract, squeezing milk into the sinuses of the teats

Anatomy and Physiology (36 decks)

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