Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NYCC Histology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system consists of…

A
  • paired kidneys
  • paired ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endocrine functions of kidney

A
  • secretion of renin
  • secretion of erythropoietin (EPO)
  • conversion of steroid prohormone vitamin D to active form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

function of renin

A

regulate blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

function of erythropoietin (EPO)

A

stimulate erythrocyte (RBC) production in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

kidney

hilum

A
  • concave medial border
  • nerves, blood & lymph vessels pass
  • ureter exits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

at the hilum the ureter expands as the ____

A

renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the renal pelvis divides into 2-3 ____

A

major calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

major calyces branch into the ____

A

minor calyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the kidney is divided into…

A
  • outer cortex (mostly many renal corpuscle & tubules x-sections)
  • inner medulla (mostly linear tubules & ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

attached to each minor calyx is a ____

A

renal pyramid (conical shaped region of medulla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

bases of renal pyramids meet the cortex and are separated from each other by ____

A

renal columns (extensions of cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

each pyramid, upper cortex, and surrounding renal column make up a ____

A

renal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the tip of each pyramid is called a ____

A

renal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

renal papilla

A

projects into a minor calyx and collects urine by tubules in one renal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

parallel ducts & tubules from the medulla that extend into the cortex form ____

A

medullary rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the fundamental structural & functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle
tubule system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

renal corpuscle extends from the ____

A

vascular pole (afferent & efferent arterioles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

renal corpuscles are found…

A

only in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

renal corpuscle consists of…

A
  • glomerulus (large tuft of capillaries)
  • Bowman’s capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

tubule system leads from renal corpuscle at the ____

A

urinary pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PCT straightens into ____ and descends into the ____

A

proximal tubule (PT)
medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PT thins into ____

A

thin Loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Loop of Henle

A
  • descends further, takes hairpin turn
  • begins to ascend back to cortex
  • simple squamous epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Loop of Henle thickens into ____

A

distal tubule (DT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

collecting tubules merge to form ____

A

collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

renal corpuscle

afferent arterioles bring blood…. at the ____

A

to the glomerulus at the vascular pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

blood circulates through glomerular capillaries where ____ occurs

A

filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

filtered blood exits the ____ at the ____

A

efferent arteriole at the vascular pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

initial plasma filtrate enters the ____ at the ____

A

PCT at the urinary pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what helps to modify urine in the tubule system?

A

peritubular capillaries in the vasa recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

filtration

A

allows water & solutes in blood to leave vascular space of capillaries of glomerulus and enter Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

secretion

A

substances move from epithelial cells of tubules into lumen, usually after uptake from surrounding interstitium and capillaries (peritubular capillaries & vasa recta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

kidneys are highly ____ organs, receiving…

A

highly vascular
25% of cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

in production of urine, blood is filtered into initial glomerular ultra ____, and modified by…

A
  • plasma filtrate (pre-urine)
  • selective reabsorption & secretion by cells of kidney tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

vascular pole

A

afferent arterioles enter
efferent arterioles exit

37
Q

urinary pole

A

PCT begins

38
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

double-walled epithelial capsule

39
Q

glomerulus

A

tuft of networking fenestrated capillaries

40
Q

3 sub-parts of Bowman’s capsule

A
  1. parietal layer
  2. visceral layer
  3. Bowman’s space
41
Q

Bowman’s capsule

parietal layer

A
  • outermost layer
  • formed surface of renal corpuscle
  • simple squamous epithelium
42
Q

Bowman’s capsule

visceral layer

A
  • inner portion
  • closely envelops glomerular capillaries
  • lined by epithelial cells called podocytes
43
Q

Bowman’s capsule

Bowman’s space

A

receives fluid (plasma filtrate/pre-urine) filtered through capillary wall & visceral layer

44
Q

glomerular function

podocytes

A

from each cell body, extend primary processes that curve around capillary below

45
Q

podocytes

primary processes give rise to ____

A

pedicels (foot processes)

46
Q

pedicels are in direct contact with…

A

basement membrane of capillary endothelial cells

47
Q

spaces between pedicels form ___

A

filtration slits pores

48
Q

glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

A
  • between podocytes & endothelial cells of capillaries
  • thick membrane made by fusion of podocyte & capillary endothelial cell basal laminae (basement membrane)
49
Q

filtration occurs through the ____

A

glomerular filtration barrier

50
Q

3 parts of glomerular filtration barrier

A
  1. fenestrated capillary endothelium
  2. thick combined basal laminae (GBM)
  3. filtration slit pores between pedicels of podocytes
51
Q

filtration slit pore act as a…

A

selective size barrier

52
Q

mesangial cells

A
  • cover capillary surface in renal corpuscle not covered by podocytes
  • phagocytic
  • extend contractile processes along capillaries (regulate glomerular blood flow)
53
Q

mesangium consists of…

A

mesangial cells & their ECM

54
Q

function of mesangium

A
  • structural support to podocytes & capillaries
  • maintain optimal filtration rate: adjust contractions in response to BP changes
  • phagocytic: remove residues & protein aggregates in GBM, including antibody-antigen complexes
  • secretion: cytokines & inflammatory mediators for immune defense & repair of GBM
55
Q

renal corpuscle is the site of ____

A

blood filtration

56
Q

nephron tubules are the site of…

A

secretion & reabsorption

57
Q

epithelium of PCT

A

simple cuboidal with long microvilli and basolateral folds that interdigitate with neighboring cells

58
Q

PCT epithelial cells help with…

A

reabsorption & secretion

59
Q

PCT

reabsorption & secretion are associated with ____

A

peritubular capillaries

60
Q

PCT location

A
  • begins at urinary pole, convolutes
  • straightens before leaving cortex
  • enters medulla as descending limb of proximal tubule
61
Q

(thin) loop of Henle

function

A

further adjusts salt & water content of filtrate

62
Q

thin loop of Henle is associated with ____

A

capillaries (vasa recta)

63
Q

DT location

A

ascends in straight path into cortex, then becomes tortuous as DCT

64
Q

DCT epithelium

A

simple cuboidal with short microvilli

65
Q

as DT approaches afferent arterioles of its nephron, it forms a ____

A

macula densa

66
Q

macula densa

A
  • DT cells become narrower, taller & more densely packed
  • nuclei appear crowded
  • part of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
67
Q

function of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

A

special sensory structure that helps regulate BP

68
Q

JGA consists of…

A
  1. macula densa
  2. extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells)
  3. JG cells
69
Q

JG cells

A
  • modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of nearby afferent arteriole
  • contain secretory granules containing renin
70
Q

after the macula densa, the DT becomes the ____

A

DCT

71
Q

function of DCT

A

further electrolyte adjustment

72
Q

DCTs empty into ____

A

collecting tubules

73
Q

epithelium of collecting tubules & ducts

A
  • simple cuboidal transitions to simple columnar in larger collecting ducts
  • distinct cell boundaries (“halo” around nucleus)
74
Q

function of collecting tubules & ducts

A

final site of H2O reabsorption

75
Q

papillary duct of Bellini

A

collecting duct descend through medulla towards apex of each renal pyramid, where several ducts merge near the renal papillae

76
Q

function of ureters

A

transport urine from renal pelvis to bladder

77
Q

mucosa of ureters

A
  • lined by urothelium (transitional): apical umbrella-shaped cells
  • supporting LP below epithelium
78
Q

muscularis of ureters

A

2 layers of smooth muscle

79
Q

layers of ureters

A
  • mucosa
  • muscularis
  • adventitia
80
Q

function of bladder

A

distensible reservoir for urine

81
Q

mucosa of bladder

A
  • lined by urothelium (transitional): apical umbrella-shaped cells
  • supporting LP below epithelium
  • umbrella cells exhibit dense plaques (uroplakins)
82
Q

bladder

plaques (uroplakins)

A

modified area of plasma membrane proteins that protect cells from prolonged contact with urine

83
Q

muscularis of the bladder

A

3 layers of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle

84
Q

detrusor muscle function

A

help empty bladder

85
Q

layers of bladder

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis (detrusor m)
  • adventitia
86
Q

function of urethra

A

carries urine from bladder to exterior

87
Q

urethra in males

A

serves as terminal duct for urinary & genital systems

88
Q

urethra in females

A

shorter in length

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions