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NYCC Histology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine cells are typically ____

A

Epithelial cells

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2
Q

Endocrine cells produce secretions called ____

A

Hormones

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

Secretary products of endocrine cells, serve as signaling molecules (effectors) to regulate activities of various cells, tissues, and organs of the body

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4
Q

Hormones act on specific cells with specific ____

A

Receptor sites

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5
Q

3 chemical classes of hormones

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Small peptides, polypeptides, proteins
  3. Amino acids, arachidonic acid analogs, inflammatory proteins
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6
Q

3 endocrine distribution control mechanisms

A
  1. Endocrine secretion
  2. Paracrine secretion
  3. Autocrine secretion
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7
Q

endocrine secretion

A

*most common
hormones enter blood stream (fenestrated capillaries) and transported to target cells

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8
Q

paracrine secretion

A

hormones act on adjacent cells or diffuse to nearby target cells

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9
Q

autocrine secretion

A

hormones act on same endocrine cell

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10
Q

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ____ and ____

A

Infundibulum (neural)
Pars tuberalis (vascular)

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11
Q

2 functional components of pituitary gland

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe

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12
Q

What type of tissue is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Glandular epithelial tissue

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13
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch?

A

[anterior lobe] derived from evagination of the ectoderm of the oropharynx toward the brain

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14
Q

components of anterior lobe of pituitary

A
  • pars distalis/anterior
  • pars intermedia
  • pars tuberalis
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15
Q

what comprises most of the anterior lobe of pituitary?

A

pars distalis/anterior

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16
Q

pars tuberalis

A

forms highly vascular sheath around infundibulum which connects to hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system)

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17
Q

what type of tissue is the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

neural secretory tissue

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18
Q

posterior lobe of pituitary is derived from…

A

down growth of neuroectoderm of lower 3rd ventricle of developing brain

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19
Q

components of posterior lobe of pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

infundibulum
pars nervosa

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20
Q

infundibulum

A

contains neurosecretory axons emanating from hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)

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21
Q

pars nervosa

A

contains neurosecretory axons and their endings (arising from hypothalamus)

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22
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

A

axons from hypothalamus carry hormones secreted by neurons from hypothalamus through the infundibulum into the pars nervosa

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23
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

blood vessels carry regulatory peptides from neurons in hypothalamus to cells of anterior pituitary (pars distalis) where they control cell secretion

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24
Q

hormones of adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary/lobe)

A

tropic and non-tropic hormones

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25
Q

tropic hormones

A

regulate other endocrine glands (ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH)

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26
Q

non-tropic hormones

A

directly act on target organs that are not endocrine (GH, PRL)

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27
Q

organization of cells of pars distalis

A

clumps & cords separated by fenestrated capillaries and supporting reticular CT

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28
Q

3 cell types of pars distalis

A
  • chromophils: basophils, acidophils
  • chromophobes
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29
Q

chromophils pick up staining colour due to…

A

their hormone content

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30
Q

acidophils produce and secrete…

A

GH - growth hormone (somatotropin)
PRL - prolactin

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31
Q

basophils produce and secrete…

A
  • FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
  • LH - luteinizing hormone (ICSH in men, interstitial cell stimulating hormone)
  • ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
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32
Q

pars intermedia structure

A
  • thin remnant of posterior wall of Rathke’s pouch, borders pars distalis
  • surrounds series of colloid filled cysts and/or intraglandular cleft (vestigial cleft) representing residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch
33
Q

pars nervosa is not…

A

an endocrine gland

34
Q

function of pars nervosa

A

storage site for hypothalamus neurosecretions and release of hormones into fenestrated capillaries (endocrine release)

35
Q

pars nervosa
hormones accumulate in axonal terminal dilations called ____

A

Herring bodies (neurosecretory bodies)

36
Q

Pars nervosa
hormones in Herring bodies

A
  • ADH - antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin
  • Oxytocin
37
Q

what is the predominant cell of the pars nervosa?

A

pituicytes (resemble astrocytes)

38
Q

function of vasopressin/ADH

A

increases water permeability of renal collecting ducts

39
Q

function of Oxytocin

A

stimulates contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells and uterine smooth muscle

40
Q

the hypothalamus regulates pituitary gland activity via ____

A

negative feedback loop

41
Q

thyroid gland function is essential to…

A

normal growth and development

42
Q

what is the structural and functional unit of the thyroid gland?

A

thyroid follicle

43
Q

thyroid follicle is formed by…

A

follicular cells (simple cuboidal epithelium with microvilli)

44
Q

follicular cells produce…

A

thyroid hormones: T3 and T4 (thyroxine)

45
Q

function of T3 and T4

A
  • regulate cell and tissue basal metabolism and heat production
  • influence body growth and development
46
Q

thyroid follicles contain ____

A

colloid

47
Q

colloid

A

gel-like mass containing thyroglobulin

48
Q

thyroglobulin

A

inactive precursor form of thyroid hormone

49
Q

parafollicular cells location

A

periphery of follicular cells

50
Q

parafollicular cells produce ____

A

calcitonin

51
Q

calcitonin

A

lowers blood Ca by inhibiting osteoclast activity

52
Q

epithelial cells of parathyroid

A

principal cells
oxyphil cells

53
Q

principal (chief) cells produce ____

A

PTH - parathyroid hormone

54
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone) function

A

increases blood Ca

55
Q

3 targets of PTH

A
  1. osteoblasts
  2. kidney
  3. small intestine
56
Q

oxyphil cells

A

function not fully understood, thought to be exhausted principal cells

57
Q

regions of adrenal glands

A

cortex & medulla

58
Q

adrenal cortex secretes ____

A

steroid hormones

59
Q

3 zones of adrenal cortex

A
  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona fasciculata
  3. zona reticularis
60
Q

zona glomerulosa produces ____, such as _____

A

mineralocorticoids: aldosterone

61
Q

aldosterone function

A

major regulator of Na & K balance by increasing kidney absorption of Na and secretion of K

62
Q

zona fasciculata produces ____, such as ____

A

glucocorticoids: cortisol

63
Q

cortisol function

A
  • gluconeogenesis (& glycogenolysis)
  • immune & inflammatory reponses
64
Q

cortisol is regulated by ____

A

ACTH (anterior pituitary)

65
Q

zona reticularis produces ____, such as ____

A

weak androgens: DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

66
Q

DHEA is converted to ____

A

testosterone (& estrogen)

67
Q

what are the cells of the adrenal medulla

A

parenchymal cells = chromaffin cells

68
Q

what are chromaffin cells?

A

specialized secretory cells supported by reticular fibers and many wide-open sinusoidal capillaries

69
Q

chromaffin cells secrete ____

A

catecholamines: epinephrine & norepinephrine

70
Q

function of catecholamines

A
  • regulate stress response
  • stimulate glycogen breakdown (elevate blood glucose)
71
Q

epinephrine is stored in….

A

small, less electron dense granules

72
Q

norepinephrine is stored in…

A

larger, more electron dense granules

73
Q

epinephrine function

A
  • increase HR
  • dilate bronchioles
  • dilate arteries of cardiac & skeletal muscle
74
Q

norepinephrine function

A
  • constrict blood vessels of digestive system & skin
  • increase blood flow to heart, muscles, brain
75
Q

2 main types of parenchymal cells of the pineal gland

A
  1. pinealocytes
  2. interstitial glial cells (neuroglial cells - modified astrocytes)
76
Q

pinealocytes produce ____

A

melatonin

77
Q

melatonin function

A

(tryptophan derivative)
regulate daily body rhythms and day/night cycle (circadian rhythm)

78
Q

interstitial glial cell function

A

unmyelinated tracts of sympathetic fibers associated with photoreceptor neurons in the retina, run into pinealocytes to stimulate melatonin release in periods of darkness

79
Q

copora arenacea

A

“brain sand”
- characteristic feature of the pineal gland
- formed by mineralization of extracellular protein deposits
- increases in size & number with age

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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