Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NYCC Histology > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

Aldosterone

A
  • principal secretion of zona glomerulosa
  • major regulator of Na and K balance by increasing kidney absorption of Na and secretion of K
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine

Herring Bodies

A
  • axonal terminal dilations in Pars Nervosa of posterior pituitary
  • where ADH and oxytocin accumulate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine

Infundibulum

A
  • attaches pituitary to hypothalamus
  • contains neurosecretory axons emanating from hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endocrine

parafollicular cells

A

(clear cells, C cells)
- located at periphery of follicular cells
- produce calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

endocrine

pineal gland

A
  • main cell types: pinealocytes (melatonin) & interstitial glial cells
  • copora arenacea (brain sand) is characteristic feature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endocrine

Thyroid: principal cells

A
  • follicular cells = principal cells/thyrocytes
  • produce thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

endocrine

Parathyroid: principal cells

A
  • principal cells & oxyphil cells constitute epithelial cells of parathyroid
  • produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • oxyphil cells thought to be exhausted principal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

endocrine

catecholamines

A
  • chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
  • regulate stress response
  • stimulate glycogen breakdown (elevate blood glucose)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

endocrine

acidophils

A
  • one of main cells of pars distalis (pars anterior), ~40%
  • produce & secrete growth hormone & prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

renal

detrusor muscle

A

contracts to help empty bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

renal

glomerular filtration barrier

A

filtration occurs through the glomerular filtration barrier
1. fenestrated capillary endothelium
2. thick combined basal laminae (GBM)
3. filtration slit pores between pedicels of podocytes (selective size barrier)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

renal

juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

A
  • modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of nearby afferent arteriole
  • contain secretory granules containing renin (increases BP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

renal

macula densa

A
  • part of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) which regulates BP
  • cells monitor Na concentration of tubular fluid
  • after macula densa, DT becomes DCT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

renal

podocytes

A
  • visceral (inner) layer of Bowman’s capsule is lined by epithelial cells called podocytes
  • podocytes from each cell body extend primary processes that curve around the capillary below
  • primary processes –> pedicels
  • spaces = filtration slit pores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

renal

ureters

A
  • mucosa is lined by urothelium/transitional epithelium
  • at hilum, ureter expands as renal pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

renal

nephron

A
  • structural & functional unit of the kidney
  • consists of renal corpuscle & tubule system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

renal

vasa recta

A
  • peritubular capillaries & vasa recta help modify urine in tubule system
  • involved in secretion & reabsorption
18
Q

Female reproduction

antrum

A
  • secondary follicle is characterized by a fluid containing antrum
  • fluids secreted by granulosa
  • nurtures & protects oocyte (contains growth factors, progesterone, estrogens, hyaluronic acid, etc.)
19
Q

Female reproduction

endometrium

A
  • mucosa of uterine wall
  • 2 zones: stratum functionale & stratum basale
20
Q

Female reproduction

oviduct

uterine tube/fallopian tube

A

General architecture:
- infundibulum (extensions = fimbrae)
- ampulla (fertilization occurs here)
- isthmus (narrow portion)
- uterine/intramural part (opens into uterus)

  • mucosa contains mostly simple columnar ciliated cells; peg cells
21
Q

Female reproduction

primordial follicle

A
  • each primary oocyte becomes surrounded by follicular cells forming an ovarian follicle called a primordial follicle
  • primordial follicles are earliest stage of follicle development
  • each cycle, small group of primordial follicles begin growth process
22
Q

Female reproduction

transition zone

A
  • point where endo and ectocervix meet
  • abrupt change of epithelium just outside of external os
  • most cervical cancers begin here
23
Q

Female reproduction

zona pellucida

A
  • oocyte secretes proteins forming extracellular coat called zona pellucida
  • zona pellucida proteins = glycoproteins that aid in sperm binding
24
Q

Male reproduction

epididymis

A
  • ~10-20 efferent ductules connect rete testes to epididymis
  • sperm mature and develop motility during passage through epididymis
25
Q

Male reproduction

leydig cells

A
  • each testicular lobule contains 1-4 highly coiled seminiferous tubules and CT stroma with Leydig cells
  • secrete testosterone (triggered by LH)
  • develop during puberty
26
Q

Male reproduction

seminal vesicle

A
  • mucosa: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • fluid produced includes fructose, prostoglandins, fibrinogen
27
Q

Male reproduction

sertoli cells

A
  • tight junctions between sertoli cells form blood-testis barrier
  • produce androgen-binding protein (concentrates testosterone)
28
Q

Male reproduction

spermiogenesis

A
  • final physical differentiation process (spermatogenic cells; no cell division)
  • spermatids condense nucleus, forms acrosome -> midpiece -> flagellum
  • spermatozoa (sperm) released from sertoli cell once mature into tubule lumen (non-motile)
29
Q

Respiratory

clara cells

A
  • mucosa of terminal bronchioles: ciliated simple cuboidal, with non-ciliated cuboidal clara cells
  • secrete surface-active agent and clara cell secretory proteins (CC16)
30
Q

Respiratory

conducting - bronchi

A
  • primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi = conducting zone
  • mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia
  • muscularis: spiral bands of smooth m, contraction regulates diameter of bronchi
31
Q

Respiratory

Respiratory bronchioles

A
  • first part of respiratory zone
  • from terminal bronchioles to alveolar ducts
32
Q

Respiratory

Respiratory membrane

A

alveolar septum (blood-air barrier) consists of respiratory membrane:
- type 1 alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
- fused basal laminae of type 1 alveolar cells & endothelial cells of capillaries
- capillary endothelial cells

33
Q

Respiratory

larynx: vocalis muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle attached to ligament
  • tension on ligament produces different sounds
34
Q

Respiratory

surfactant

A
  • secreted by type II alveolar cells
  • surface active agent of lipoproteins & phospholipids spread over alveolar surface
  • decreases alveolar surface tension
35
Q

Respiratory

trachea

A
  • functions: conduction, conditioning
  • C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage maintain open airway
  • open end of C rings contains trachealis muscle
  • mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia
36
Q

skin

holocrine

A
  • cells accumulate product as they mature & enlarge
  • culminate in rupture of cell and release of products
37
Q

skin

langerhans cells

A
  • dendritic APCs derived from monocytes
  • present antigens to T lymphocytes in nearby lymph nodes
  • found in stratum spinosum of epidermis
38
Q

skin

stratum lucidum

A

found only in thick skin

39
Q

skin

meissner’s

A
  • fine, light touch receptors
  • in dermal papillae (fingertips, palms, soles)
  • encapsulated nerve ending, unmyelinated ending of myelinated sensory nerve fibers following spiral path
  • schwann cells surround in helical matter -> lamellae
40
Q

skin

pilosebaceous unit

A
  • hair follicle + hair
  • arrector pili muscle
  • sebaceous gland
41
Q

skin

stratum basale

A
  • single layer of mitotically active cells, rests on basement membrane, allows epidermal renewal of new keratinocytes
  • keratinocytes undergo terminal differentiation process (keratinization) in strata, then apoptosis

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions