Final Exam Review Flashcards
Endocrine
Aldosterone
- principal secretion of zona glomerulosa
- major regulator of Na and K balance by increasing kidney absorption of Na and secretion of K
Endocrine
Herring Bodies
- axonal terminal dilations in Pars Nervosa of posterior pituitary
- where ADH and oxytocin accumulate
Endocrine
Infundibulum
- attaches pituitary to hypothalamus
- contains neurosecretory axons emanating from hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)
endocrine
parafollicular cells
(clear cells, C cells)
- located at periphery of follicular cells
- produce calcitonin
endocrine
pineal gland
- main cell types: pinealocytes (melatonin) & interstitial glial cells
- copora arenacea (brain sand) is characteristic feature
endocrine
Thyroid: principal cells
- follicular cells = principal cells/thyrocytes
- produce thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
endocrine
Parathyroid: principal cells
- principal cells & oxyphil cells constitute epithelial cells of parathyroid
- produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- oxyphil cells thought to be exhausted principal cells
endocrine
catecholamines
- chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
- regulate stress response
- stimulate glycogen breakdown (elevate blood glucose)
endocrine
acidophils
- one of main cells of pars distalis (pars anterior), ~40%
- produce & secrete growth hormone & prolactin
renal
detrusor muscle
contracts to help empty bladder
renal
glomerular filtration barrier
filtration occurs through the glomerular filtration barrier
1. fenestrated capillary endothelium
2. thick combined basal laminae (GBM)
3. filtration slit pores between pedicels of podocytes (selective size barrier)
renal
juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
- modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of nearby afferent arteriole
- contain secretory granules containing renin (increases BP)
renal
macula densa
- part of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) which regulates BP
- cells monitor Na concentration of tubular fluid
- after macula densa, DT becomes DCT
renal
podocytes
- visceral (inner) layer of Bowman’s capsule is lined by epithelial cells called podocytes
- podocytes from each cell body extend primary processes that curve around the capillary below
- primary processes –> pedicels
- spaces = filtration slit pores
renal
ureters
- mucosa is lined by urothelium/transitional epithelium
- at hilum, ureter expands as renal pelvis
renal
nephron
- structural & functional unit of the kidney
- consists of renal corpuscle & tubule system
renal
vasa recta
- peritubular capillaries & vasa recta help modify urine in tubule system
- involved in secretion & reabsorption
Female reproduction
antrum
- secondary follicle is characterized by a fluid containing antrum
- fluids secreted by granulosa
- nurtures & protects oocyte (contains growth factors, progesterone, estrogens, hyaluronic acid, etc.)
Female reproduction
endometrium
- mucosa of uterine wall
- 2 zones: stratum functionale & stratum basale
Female reproduction
oviduct
uterine tube/fallopian tube
General architecture:
- infundibulum (extensions = fimbrae)
- ampulla (fertilization occurs here)
- isthmus (narrow portion)
- uterine/intramural part (opens into uterus)
- mucosa contains mostly simple columnar ciliated cells; peg cells
Female reproduction
primordial follicle
- each primary oocyte becomes surrounded by follicular cells forming an ovarian follicle called a primordial follicle
- primordial follicles are earliest stage of follicle development
- each cycle, small group of primordial follicles begin growth process
Female reproduction
transition zone
- point where endo and ectocervix meet
- abrupt change of epithelium just outside of external os
- most cervical cancers begin here
Female reproduction
zona pellucida
- oocyte secretes proteins forming extracellular coat called zona pellucida
- zona pellucida proteins = glycoproteins that aid in sperm binding
Male reproduction
epididymis
- ~10-20 efferent ductules connect rete testes to epididymis
- sperm mature and develop motility during passage through epididymis
Male reproduction
leydig cells
- each testicular lobule contains 1-4 highly coiled seminiferous tubules and CT stroma with Leydig cells
- secrete testosterone (triggered by LH)
- develop during puberty
Male reproduction
seminal vesicle
- mucosa: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- fluid produced includes fructose, prostoglandins, fibrinogen
Male reproduction
sertoli cells
- tight junctions between sertoli cells form blood-testis barrier
- produce androgen-binding protein (concentrates testosterone)
Male reproduction
spermiogenesis
- final physical differentiation process (spermatogenic cells; no cell division)
- spermatids condense nucleus, forms acrosome -> midpiece -> flagellum
- spermatozoa (sperm) released from sertoli cell once mature into tubule lumen (non-motile)
Respiratory
clara cells
- mucosa of terminal bronchioles: ciliated simple cuboidal, with non-ciliated cuboidal clara cells
- secrete surface-active agent and clara cell secretory proteins (CC16)
Respiratory
conducting - bronchi
- primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi = conducting zone
- mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia
- muscularis: spiral bands of smooth m, contraction regulates diameter of bronchi
Respiratory
Respiratory bronchioles
- first part of respiratory zone
- from terminal bronchioles to alveolar ducts
Respiratory
Respiratory membrane
alveolar septum (blood-air barrier) consists of respiratory membrane:
- type 1 alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
- fused basal laminae of type 1 alveolar cells & endothelial cells of capillaries
- capillary endothelial cells
Respiratory
larynx: vocalis muscle
- skeletal muscle attached to ligament
- tension on ligament produces different sounds
Respiratory
surfactant
- secreted by type II alveolar cells
- surface active agent of lipoproteins & phospholipids spread over alveolar surface
- decreases alveolar surface tension
Respiratory
trachea
- functions: conduction, conditioning
- C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage maintain open airway
- open end of C rings contains trachealis muscle
- mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia
skin
holocrine
- cells accumulate product as they mature & enlarge
- culminate in rupture of cell and release of products
skin
langerhans cells
- dendritic APCs derived from monocytes
- present antigens to T lymphocytes in nearby lymph nodes
- found in stratum spinosum of epidermis
skin
stratum lucidum
found only in thick skin
skin
meissner’s
- fine, light touch receptors
- in dermal papillae (fingertips, palms, soles)
- encapsulated nerve ending, unmyelinated ending of myelinated sensory nerve fibers following spiral path
- schwann cells surround in helical matter -> lamellae
skin
pilosebaceous unit
- hair follicle + hair
- arrector pili muscle
- sebaceous gland
skin
stratum basale
- single layer of mitotically active cells, rests on basement membrane, allows epidermal renewal of new keratinocytes
- keratinocytes undergo terminal differentiation process (keratinization) in strata, then apoptosis
