Final Exam Review Flashcards
1
Q
Endocrine
Aldosterone
A
- principal secretion of zona glomerulosa
- major regulator of Na and K balance by increasing kidney absorption of Na and secretion of K
2
Q
Endocrine
Herring Bodies
A
- axonal terminal dilations in Pars Nervosa of posterior pituitary
- where ADH and oxytocin accumulate
3
Q
Endocrine
Infundibulum
A
- attaches pituitary to hypothalamus
- contains neurosecretory axons emanating from hypothalamus (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)
4
Q
endocrine
parafollicular cells
A
(clear cells, C cells)
- located at periphery of follicular cells
- produce calcitonin
5
Q
endocrine
pineal gland
A
- main cell types: pinealocytes (melatonin) & interstitial glial cells
- copora arenacea (brain sand) is characteristic feature
6
Q
endocrine
Thyroid: principal cells
A
- follicular cells = principal cells/thyrocytes
- produce thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
7
Q
endocrine
Parathyroid: principal cells
A
- principal cells & oxyphil cells constitute epithelial cells of parathyroid
- produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- oxyphil cells thought to be exhausted principal cells
8
Q
endocrine
catecholamines
A
- chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
- regulate stress response
- stimulate glycogen breakdown (elevate blood glucose)
9
Q
endocrine
acidophils
A
- one of main cells of pars distalis (pars anterior), ~40%
- produce & secrete growth hormone & prolactin
10
Q
renal
detrusor muscle
A
contracts to help empty bladder
11
Q
renal
glomerular filtration barrier
A
filtration occurs through the glomerular filtration barrier
1. fenestrated capillary endothelium
2. thick combined basal laminae (GBM)
3. filtration slit pores between pedicels of podocytes (selective size barrier)
12
Q
renal
juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
A
- modified smooth muscle cells in tunica media of nearby afferent arteriole
- contain secretory granules containing renin (increases BP)
13
Q
renal
macula densa
A
- part of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) which regulates BP
- cells monitor Na concentration of tubular fluid
- after macula densa, DT becomes DCT
14
Q
renal
podocytes
A
- visceral (inner) layer of Bowman’s capsule is lined by epithelial cells called podocytes
- podocytes from each cell body extend primary processes that curve around the capillary below
- primary processes –> pedicels
- spaces = filtration slit pores
15
Q
renal
ureters
A
- mucosa is lined by urothelium/transitional epithelium
- at hilum, ureter expands as renal pelvis
16
Q
renal
nephron
A
- structural & functional unit of the kidney
- consists of renal corpuscle & tubule system
17
Q
renal
vasa recta
A
- peritubular capillaries & vasa recta help modify urine in tubule system
- involved in secretion & reabsorption
18
Q
Female reproduction
antrum
A
- secondary follicle is characterized by a fluid containing antrum
- fluids secreted by granulosa
- nurtures & protects oocyte (contains growth factors, progesterone, estrogens, hyaluronic acid, etc.)
19
Q
Female reproduction
endometrium
A
- mucosa of uterine wall
- 2 zones: stratum functionale & stratum basale
20
Q
Female reproduction
oviduct
uterine tube/fallopian tube
A
General architecture:
- infundibulum (extensions = fimbrae)
- ampulla (fertilization occurs here)
- isthmus (narrow portion)
- uterine/intramural part (opens into uterus)
- mucosa contains mostly simple columnar ciliated cells; peg cells
21
Q
Female reproduction
primordial follicle
A
- each primary oocyte becomes surrounded by follicular cells forming an ovarian follicle called a primordial follicle
- primordial follicles are earliest stage of follicle development
- each cycle, small group of primordial follicles begin growth process
22
Q
Female reproduction
transition zone
A
- point where endo and ectocervix meet
- abrupt change of epithelium just outside of external os
- most cervical cancers begin here
23
Q
Female reproduction
zona pellucida
A
- oocyte secretes proteins forming extracellular coat called zona pellucida
- zona pellucida proteins = glycoproteins that aid in sperm binding
24
Q
Male reproduction
epididymis
A
- ~10-20 efferent ductules connect rete testes to epididymis
- sperm mature and develop motility during passage through epididymis
25
# Male reproduction
leydig cells
- each testicular lobule contains 1-4 highly coiled seminiferous tubules and CT stroma with **Leydig cells**
- secrete testosterone (triggered by LH)
- develop during puberty
26
# Male reproduction
seminal vesicle
- mucosa: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
- fluid produced includes **fructose**, prostoglandins, fibrinogen
27
# Male reproduction
sertoli cells
- tight junctions between sertoli cells form blood-testis barrier
- produce androgen-binding protein (concentrates testosterone)
28
# Male reproduction
spermiogenesis
- final physical differentiation process (spermatogenic cells; no cell division)
- spermatids condense nucleus, forms acrosome -> midpiece -> flagellum
- spermatozoa (sperm) released from sertoli cell once mature into tubule lumen (*non-motile*)
29
# Respiratory
clara cells
- mucosa of terminal bronchioles: ciliated simple cuboidal, with non-ciliated cuboidal **clara cells**
- secrete surface-active agent and clara cell secretory proteins (CC16)
30
# Respiratory
conducting - bronchi
- primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi = conducting zone
- mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia
- muscularis: spiral bands of smooth m, contraction regulates diameter of bronchi
31
# Respiratory
Respiratory bronchioles
- first part of respiratory zone
- from terminal bronchioles to alveolar ducts
32
# Respiratory
Respiratory membrane
alveolar septum (blood-air barrier) consists of respiratory membrane:
- type 1 alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
- fused basal laminae of type 1 alveolar cells & endothelial cells of capillaries
- capillary endothelial cells
33
# Respiratory
larynx: vocalis muscle
- skeletal muscle attached to ligament
- tension on ligament produces different sounds
34
# Respiratory
surfactant
- secreted by type II alveolar cells
- surface active agent of lipoproteins & phospholipids spread over alveolar surface
- decreases alveolar surface tension
35
# Respiratory
trachea
- functions: conduction, conditioning
- C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage maintain open airway
- open end of C rings contains trachealis muscle
- mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia
36
# skin
holocrine
- cells accumulate product as they mature & enlarge
- culminate in rupture of cell and release of products
37
# skin
langerhans cells
- dendritic APCs derived from monocytes
- present antigens to T lymphocytes in nearby lymph nodes
- found in stratum spinosum of epidermis
38
# skin
stratum lucidum
found only in thick skin
39
# skin
meissner's
- fine, light touch receptors
- in dermal papillae (fingertips, palms, soles)
- encapsulated nerve ending, unmyelinated ending of myelinated sensory nerve fibers following spiral path
- schwann cells surround in helical matter -> lamellae
40
# skin
pilosebaceous unit
- hair follicle + hair
- arrector pili muscle
- sebaceous gland
41
# skin
stratum basale
- single layer of mitotically active cells, rests on basement membrane, allows epidermal renewal of new keratinocytes
- keratinocytes undergo terminal differentiation process (keratinization) in strata, then apoptosis
