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NYCC Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a specialized ____

A

Fluid CT

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2
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • Deliver O2 & nutrients to cells
  • transport CO2 & waste away from cells
  • deliver hormones & regulatory substances to/from cells & tissues
  • maintain homeostasis (thermoregulation, coagulation, buffering/pH)
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3
Q

Blood consists of ____ and ____

A

Formed elements (cells) and fluid (plasma)

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4
Q

3 blood cells (formed elements)

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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5
Q

Erethrocytes

A

RBCs

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6
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCs

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7
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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8
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Extracellular, protein-rich fluid

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9
Q

Plasma consists of….

A

Water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, metabolic waste products

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10
Q

What is Serum?

A

Fluid portion of blood after blood has clotted
Same makeup as plasma except clotting proteins have been used up

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11
Q

Erythrocytes lack….

A

Nuclei (anucleate) and other organelles

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12
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

Protein specialized for transport of O2 and CO2

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13
Q

Erythrocytes are full of ____

A

Hemoglobin

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14
Q

Life span of erythrocytes

A

~120 days
Membrane proteins critical to protection of membrane and RBC survival

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15
Q

Leukocytes location

A

Leave blood and migrate to tissues to perform functions

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16
Q

5 types of WBCs

A

Granulocytes:
- Neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
Agranulocytes:
- lymphocytes
- Monocytes

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17
Q

Granulocytes contain….

A
  • Specific (secondary) granules with special functions
  • Nonspecific (primary, azurophilic) granules which are lysosomes
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18
Q

3 granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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19
Q

Agranulocytes lack ____ but contain ____

A

Specific granules
Small nonspecific granules

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20
Q

Nonspecific (azurophilic) granules

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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21
Q

Most prevalent WBC

A

Neutrophils

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22
Q

What does Polymorphonuclear mean?

A

Segmented nucleus with 2-5 lobes

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23
Q

What WBC is the first line of defence against bacteria?

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

Nonspecific granules are large lysosomes containing…

A

Many enzymes to help kill bacterial pathogens

25
Q

Eosinophil granules contain MBP and EPO which act to….

A

Kill parasites

26
Q

Important in inflammatory response against allergies

A

Eosinophils

27
Q

Eosinophils secrete

A

Histaminase (neutralizes histamine)

28
Q

Rarest WBC

A

Basophils

29
Q

Basophil granules contain ____ and ____

A

Histamine
Heparin

30
Q

Histamine function

A

Vasodilator and increase vascular permeability

31
Q

Heparin function

A

Anticoagulant

32
Q

Associated with Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions (AKA immediate hypersensitivity reactions) and may lead to anaphylaxis

A

Basophils

33
Q

Basophils are associated with ____ reactions and may lead to ____

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis

34
Q

Most numerous agranulocyte

A

Lymphocytes

35
Q

Main functional cell of the immune system

A

Lymphocyte

36
Q

3 functional distinct types of lymphocytes

A
  • T lymphocytes (T cells)
  • B lymphocytes (B cells)
  • Natural killer (NK) cells
37
Q

Functional lymphocyte involved with cell-mediated immunity

A

T Cells/T lymphocytes

38
Q

2 types of T lymphocytes

A

T helper cells - CD4+
T cytotoxic cells - CD8+

39
Q

Functional lymphocyte involved in humoral immunity (antibody production)

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

40
Q

Monocyte function

A

Function as antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Clean up debris

41
Q

How do RBCs protect their membrane and ensure their survival?

A

Biconcave discs allow flexibility to fit through microvasculature

42
Q

Neutrophils are ____, the first line of defence against bacteria

A

Phagocytic

43
Q

Difference between appearance of eosinophils and neutrophils

A

Same size, but eosinophil nucleus is typically bi-lobed

44
Q

Largest of WBCs

A

Monocytes

45
Q

Monocytes produce many ____

A

Inflammatory mediators (eg. Cytokines)

46
Q

When monocytes leave vasculature they become ____

A

Macrophages

47
Q

What WBCs leave the vasculature to become macrophages?

A

Monocytes

48
Q

Thrombocytes are derived from

A

Megakaryocytes in bone marrow

49
Q

Hyalomere

A

Lighter staining peripheral zone

50
Q

Granulomere

A

Darker staining central zone, rich in granules

51
Q

Platelets function in…

A

Controlling blood loss:
- Platelet adhesion & aggregation forming platelet plug at site of vascular damage (primary hemostasis)
- blood coagulation: platelets work with plasma coagulation proteins to form a fibrin clot (secondary hemostasis)

52
Q

What is hemopoisis/hematopoiesis?

A

Formation of new blood cells in the bone marrow

53
Q

Hemopoiesis includes….

A

Erythropoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
Leukopoiesis (granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis)

54
Q

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

55
Q

New blood cells are derived from a common ____

A

Pluripotential stem cell (or hemopoietic stem cell)

56
Q

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs)

A

Growth factors that initiate the differentiation of the pluripotential stem cell into colony-forming units (CFUs)

57
Q

2 lineages of progenitor cells committed to production of specific blood cell

A

Myeloid line
Lymphoid line

58
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries

A

Gaps between endothelial cells in bone marrow
Allow for easier release of mature blood cells into peripheral circulation

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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