Blood Flashcards
Blood is a specialized ____
Fluid CT
Functions of blood
- Deliver O2 & nutrients to cells
- transport CO2 & waste away from cells
- deliver hormones & regulatory substances to/from cells & tissues
- maintain homeostasis (thermoregulation, coagulation, buffering/pH)
Blood consists of ____ and ____
Formed elements (cells) and fluid (plasma)
3 blood cells (formed elements)
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
Erethrocytes
RBCs
Leukocytes
WBCs
Thrombocytes
Platelets
What is Plasma?
Extracellular, protein-rich fluid
Plasma consists of….
Water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, metabolic waste products
What is Serum?
Fluid portion of blood after blood has clotted
Same makeup as plasma except clotting proteins have been used up
Erythrocytes lack….
Nuclei (anucleate) and other organelles
What is Hemoglobin?
Protein specialized for transport of O2 and CO2
Erythrocytes are full of ____
Hemoglobin
Life span of erythrocytes
~120 days
Membrane proteins critical to protection of membrane and RBC survival
Leukocytes location
Leave blood and migrate to tissues to perform functions
5 types of WBCs
Granulocytes:
- Neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
Agranulocytes:
- lymphocytes
- Monocytes
Granulocytes contain….
- Specific (secondary) granules with special functions
- Nonspecific (primary, azurophilic) granules which are lysosomes
3 granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes lack ____ but contain ____
Specific granules
Small nonspecific granules
Nonspecific (azurophilic) granules
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Most prevalent WBC
Neutrophils
What does Polymorphonuclear mean?
Segmented nucleus with 2-5 lobes
What WBC is the first line of defence against bacteria?
Neutrophils
Nonspecific granules are large lysosomes containing…
Many enzymes to help kill bacterial pathogens
Eosinophil granules contain MBP and EPO which act to….
Kill parasites
Important in inflammatory response against allergies
Eosinophils
Eosinophils secrete
Histaminase (neutralizes histamine)
Rarest WBC
Basophils
Basophil granules contain ____ and ____
Histamine
Heparin
Histamine function
Vasodilator and increase vascular permeability
Heparin function
Anticoagulant
Associated with Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions (AKA immediate hypersensitivity reactions) and may lead to anaphylaxis
Basophils
Basophils are associated with ____ reactions and may lead to ____
Type 1 hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis
Most numerous agranulocyte
Lymphocytes
Main functional cell of the immune system
Lymphocyte
3 functional distinct types of lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes (T cells)
- B lymphocytes (B cells)
- Natural killer (NK) cells
Functional lymphocyte involved with cell-mediated immunity
T Cells/T lymphocytes
2 types of T lymphocytes
T helper cells - CD4+
T cytotoxic cells - CD8+
Functional lymphocyte involved in humoral immunity (antibody production)
B lymphocytes (B cells)
Monocyte function
Function as antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Clean up debris
How do RBCs protect their membrane and ensure their survival?
Biconcave discs allow flexibility to fit through microvasculature
Neutrophils are ____, the first line of defence against bacteria
Phagocytic
Difference between appearance of eosinophils and neutrophils
Same size, but eosinophil nucleus is typically bi-lobed
Largest of WBCs
Monocytes
Monocytes produce many ____
Inflammatory mediators (eg. Cytokines)
When monocytes leave vasculature they become ____
Macrophages
What WBCs leave the vasculature to become macrophages?
Monocytes
Thrombocytes are derived from
Megakaryocytes in bone marrow
Hyalomere
Lighter staining peripheral zone
Granulomere
Darker staining central zone, rich in granules
Platelets function in…
Controlling blood loss:
- Platelet adhesion & aggregation forming platelet plug at site of vascular damage (primary hemostasis)
- blood coagulation: platelets work with plasma coagulation proteins to form a fibrin clot (secondary hemostasis)
What is hemopoisis/hematopoiesis?
Formation of new blood cells in the bone marrow
Hemopoiesis includes….
Erythropoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
Leukopoiesis (granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis)
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
New blood cells are derived from a common ____
Pluripotential stem cell (or hemopoietic stem cell)
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs)
Growth factors that initiate the differentiation of the pluripotential stem cell into colony-forming units (CFUs)
2 lineages of progenitor cells committed to production of specific blood cell
Myeloid line
Lymphoid line
Sinusoidal capillaries
Gaps between endothelial cells in bone marrow
Allow for easier release of mature blood cells into peripheral circulation
