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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main functional components of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting portion
Respiratory portion

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2
Q

Function of conducting portion

A

Where air is conditioned and directed

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3
Q

What structures are included in the conducting zone?

A

Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lungs: bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

Function of respiratory portion

A

Where gas exchange occurs

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5
Q

What structures are included in the respiratory portion?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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6
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium of the mucosa that lines the conducting portion?

A

Respiratory epithelium: pseudostratified ciliated columnar, often with goblet cells

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7
Q

The left and right nasal cavities contain ____

A

Vestibules

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8
Q

What are vestibules?

A

Dilated space of the cavity where air enters

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9
Q

Conchae

A

3 Bony projections of the nasal cavity which create turbulence of inspired air

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10
Q

Vibrissae

A

Moist hairs which filter air of particulate matter

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11
Q

Olfactory mucosa of nasal cavities has what type of epithelium?

A

Specialized olfactory epithelium

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12
Q

What does the pharynx connect?

A

Connects nasal & oral cavities to the larynx & esophagus

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13
Q

Pharynx is divided into ____ and ____

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx (throat)

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14
Q

What is the passageway for air between oropharynx & trachea?

A

Larynx

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15
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • elastic cartilage
  • flattened structure near top of larynx
  • prevents swallowed food from entering airway
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16
Q

False vocal cords are covered by ____

A

Respiratory epithelium (PSCC)

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17
Q

Function of false vocal cords

A

No movement, but aids in sound resonance

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18
Q

Below each false vocal cord is a ____

A

Ventricle
(Elongated recess)

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19
Q

2 pairs of vestibular folds in the larynx are called…

A

False vocal cords

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20
Q

2 vocal folds in larynx are called…

A

True vocal cords

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21
Q

Function of true vocal cords

A

Control air flow through larynx and vibrate to produce sound

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22
Q

True vocal cords are covered by ____

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized)

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23
Q

True vocal cords contain the ____

A

Vocalis muscle

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24
Q

Vocalis muscle

A
  • Skeletal muscle, attached to a ligament
  • tension on ligaments caused by muscle produces different sounds
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25
Functions of trachea
- conduction of air - conditioning: warming, moistening, removal of particulate matter
26
Function of C-shaped rings in trachea
Maintains open airway
27
Trachealis muscle
- Smooth muscle, Connects open ends of hyaline cartilage C rings - controls luminal diameter of trachea to control air intake - allows for passage of swallowed bolus of food by esophagus
28
Name the layers of the wall of the trachea
- mucosa - submucosa - cartilaginous - adventitia
29
Mucosal layer of trachea
- Epithelium: PSCCwG, thick basement membrane - Lamina propria: many blood vessels (warming)
30
Submucosa of trachea
Seromucous glands (moistening)
31
Cartilaginous layer of trachea
Rings of C-shaped hyaline cartilage
32
Adventitia of trachea
CT connects trachea to surrounding structures (esophagus)
33
Bronchial tree
Trachea 2 primary bronchi secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli
34
Layers of walls of bronchi
- mucosa - muscularis - submucosa - cartilage layer - adventitia
35
Mucosa of bronchi
- epithelium: respiratory epithelium (PSCCwG) - lamina propria: loose CT
36
Muscularis layer of bronchi
- spiral bands of smooth muscle, continuous in larger bronchi, thin & discontinuous in smaller bronchi - important in regulating appropriate diameter of bronchi
37
Submucosal layer of bronchi
Seromucous glands
38
Cartilaginous layer of bronchi
- Discontinuous hyaline cartilage plates become smaller as bronchi become smaller - supports bronchial wall
39
Adventitia of bronchi
Dense irregular CT continuous with adjacent structures
40
Epithelium of bronchioles
- Initially PSCCwG in largest bronchioles - quickly becomes simple columnar ciliated, no goblet cells, eventually cuboidal (ciliated)
41
Bronchioles do not contain ____ or ____
Cartilage plates or glands
42
Epithelium of terminal bronchioles
Ciliated simple cuboidal with non-ciliated cuboidal **clara cells**
43
Functions of Clara cells
- Secrete surface-active agent - secrete Clara cell secretory protein (CC16)
44
Function of surface-active agent
Lipoprotein prevents luminal adhesion
45
Function of Clara cell secretory protein (CC16)
Protect against lung injury, antimicrobial, detoxifying harmful substances inhaled into lungs
46
What is the first part of the respiratory portion?
Respiratory bronchioles
47
mucosal epithelium of respiratory bronchioles
ciliated simple cuboidal with non-ciliated clara cells
48
what are alveolar ducts?
distal ends of respiratory bronchioles - elongated airways from which alveoli open
49
lamina propria of alveolar ducts
extremely thin lamina propria of reticular & elastic fibers (**no smooth muscle**)
50
alveolar spaces
spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli, typically at the ends of alveolar ducts
51
function of alveoli
terminal air spaces of respiratory system: major site of gas exchange between air and blood
52
alveoli are surrounded by an extremely thin piece of CT containing blood capillaries called the ____
alveolar septal wall (or interalveolar septa)
53
alveoli are lined by...
type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells (or pneumocytes)
54
alveolar septum is the site of the ____
blood-air-barrier
55
alveoli 3 parts of respiratory membrane
1. type 1 alveolar cells (pneumocytes) 2. fused basal laminae of type 1 alveolar cells & endothelial cells of capillaries 3. capillary endothelial cells
56
type I alveolar cells/pneumocytes
- extremely thin simple squamous - make up alveolar side of blood-air-barrier, diffusion of O2 & CO2
57
type II alveolar cells/pneumocytes
- cuboidal cells, bulge into air space, interspersed amongst type I alveolar cells - secrete *surfactant*
58
surfactant
- surface active agent of lipoproteins & phospholipids, spreads over inner alveolar surface - decreases alveolar surface tension, preventing collapse
59
alveolar macrophages (dust cells)
- found in alveolar spaces and interalveolar septal wall - phagocytose particulate matter, infectious organisms, RBCs lost from damaged capillaries
60
anthracotic pigment
- ingested material macrophages can't break down (tar, nicotine, pollutants) - remain in macrophage, accumulates in CT
61
each lung is covered by...
visceral pleura, continuous with parietal pleura
62
visceral pleura
thin CT covering with mesothelium
63
parietal pleura
CT covering that lines pleural cavity
64
pleural cavity is filled with…
serous fluid, acts as a lubricant

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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