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NYCC Histology > Epithelium > Flashcards

Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic tissue types

A

epithelium
connective
muscle
nerve

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2
Q

What do basic tissues contain?

A

cells and ECM

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3
Q

Define

Cell

A

basic structural and functional unit of all multicellular organisms

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4
Q

Define

Tissue

A

organized aggregation of cells that function in a collective manner

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5
Q

Define

Organ

A

differentiated structure consisting of cells and tissues and performing some specific function in an organism

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6
Q

What are the 8 organ systems of the body?

A

circulatory
lymphoid
respiratory
digestive
endocrine
urinary
reproductive
integumentary (skin)

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7
Q

Define

parenchyma

A

cells responsible for an organ’s specific functions

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8
Q

Define

stroma

A

cells that have a supporting role in an organ

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9
Q

Epithelial Tissue

vascular or avascular

A

avascular

no blood vessels

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10
Q

Epithelial Tissue

location

A

lining all external and internal surfaces of the body

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11
Q

any substance entering or exiting the body must cross some type of ____

A

epithelial tissue

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12
Q

the ____ surface is attached to an underlying ____ ____

A

basal; basement membrane

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13
Q

cell size and morphology are determined by ____

A

their function

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

functions

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • secretion
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15
Q

Define

basal pole

A

part of the cell contacting the ECM and connective tissue

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16
Q

Define

apical pole

A

the opposite end, usually facing a free surface (open space)

some ep. cells have specialized apical surface mods depending on func’n

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17
Q

Define

basement membrane

A

noncellular, thin extracellular sheet of macromolecules, forming a semipermeable filter for substances reaching the epithelial cells from below

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18
Q

name

2 regions of basement membrane

A
  1. basal lamina
  2. reticular lamina
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19
Q

Define

basal lamina

A

thicker electron-dense part closer to epithelial cell

(typically used synonymously with basement membrane)

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20
Q

Define

reticular lamina

A

more diffuse and fibrous (reticular fibers) which joins with the underlying connective tissues

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21
Q

Define

microvilli

A

apical cytoplasmic projections

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22
Q

microvilli

Function

A

increase surface area for absorption

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23
Q

microvilli

location

A
  • prominently found in digestive tract to absorb nutrients
  • densely packed; brush border projecting into lumen
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24
Q

What is a brush border

A

appearance of microvilli under a microscope as a striated border projecting into lumen

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25
number of microvili on the surface of a cell
can be 100-1000s
26
# microvilli composition
contain bundled actin filaments capped by the plasma (cell) membrane
27
# Define terminal web
horizontal network of actin filaments and intermediate filaments below the base of the microvilli
28
# microvilli actin filaments (microfilaments) insert into the ____
terminal web
29
# microvilli motile/nonmotile
nonmotile
30
# Name specialized apical cell surface modifications
1. microvilli 2. sterocilia 3. cilia
31
# Define stereocilia
long microvilli
32
# Stereocilia location
- mostly limited to male reproductive tract - sensory hair cells of inner ear
33
# stereocilia function
increase cell surface area to facilitate absorption; mechanoreceptors in hair cells of ear
34
# stereocilia composition
microfilaments (a core of actin filaments) anchoring to terminal web
35
# stereocilia motile/nonmotile
nonmotile
36
# Define cilia
long apical structures, larger than microvilli (longer and wider)
37
# cilia composition
contain internal arrays of microtubules (not microfilaments): axoneme and basal bodies
38
# Define axoneme
organized core of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 pattern | 9 outer doublets, 2 central Located in cilia
39
# Define basal bodies
outer 9 paired microtubules join the basal body below the cell membrane anchoring the structure to the cytoskeleton | a modified centriole
40
# cilia motile/nonmotile
motile | capable of moving fluid and particles along epithelial surfaces
41
What 2 factors is traditional classification of epithelium based on?
1. number of cells (layers of cells) 2. shape of cells
42
# classification of epithelium number of cells
- simple epithelium - one cell layer thick - stratified epithelium - 2+ layers
43
# classification of epithelium shape of cells
- squamous - cell width>height (thin flat cells) - cuboidal - width=depth=height - columnar - height>>width
44
# epithelium 2 special/other classifications
- pseudostratified - transitional (urothelium)
45
# Define pseudostratified
- appear stratified - columnar; nuclei appear at different levels - some cells may not reach free surface - all cells rest on basement membrane | pseudostratified=simple epithelium
46
transitional epithelium (urothelium) - location - shape - function
epithelium lining found in the lower urinary tract - always stratified - dome-like cells (umbrella cells); unique morphologic features that stretch, allowing for distention which alters/transitions cell shape
47
# function terminal web
anchor microvilli
48
When classifying stratified epithelium, only consider…
only consider the shape of the apical layer (and surface modifications) | shape and height of cells vary from layer to layer
49
2 specialized classifications of simple squamous epithelium (based on location)
Endothelium Mesothelium
50
simple squamous epithelium lining the surface of blood & lymphatic vessels?
endothelium
51
simple squamous epithelium lining the walls and covers serosal surfaces of closed cavities of the body
mesothelium
52
what is serosal surface
free outer surface
53
what type of epithelium covers the outer wall of the intestine?
mesothelium
54
what special surface modification is on the lining of the oviduct?
cilia
55
where is keratin located?
dry surfaces
56
what type of epithelium is always stratified?
transitional (urotherlium)
57
where is urothelium found? | transitional epithelium
urinary bladder
58
what type of epithelium is always collumnar?
pseudostratified
59
# function goblet cells
secrete lubricating mucus
60
# Define secretory epithelia
epithelial cells that function to produce and secrete various macromolecules and comprise glands
61
what type of epithelium are glands made of?
secretory epithelia
62
exocrine glands secrete products via…
secrete products through epithelial ducts connected to a surface
63
What do endocrine glands lack? How do they secrete their products?
lack a duct system; direct secretion into surrounding connective tissues where capillaries absorb secreted products
64
secretions of endocrine glands are called ____
hormones
65
exocrine glands can be ____ or ____
simple or compound
66
simple exocrine glands
ducts not branched
67
compound exocrine glands
ducts with 2+ branches
68
exocrine secretory portions can be ____ or ____
tubular or acinar
69
tubular exocrine gland secretory portions
short, or long and coiled
70
acinar exocrine secretory portions
rounded and sac-like
71
3 exocrine gland release mechanisms
1. merocrine secretion (eccrine) 2. holocrine secretion 3. apocrine secretion
72
# define merocrine secretion | eccrine
- secretory product is released in membrane-bound vesicles to the apical surface of the cell - extrude contents by exocytosis
73
# define holocrine secretion
cells accumulate product as they mature and enlarge, ending in rupture of cell and release of products
74
# define apocrine secretion
product accumulates in cell apical surface, released along with a thin layer of cytoplasm within an evelope of plasma membrane
75
3 types of secretory products
1. mucous 2. serous 3. seromucous
76
# define mucous secretions
viscous and slimy; contain heavily glycosylated proteins
77
# define serous secretions
watery; high in unglycosylated proteins
78
# define seromucous secretion
mix of serous and mucous secretions
79
what does 'labile' mean
ability of epithelial cells to renew continuously by mitotic activity and stem cell populations
80
in stratified epithelium, where do stem cells and mitosis occur?
only in the basal layer
81
what is the most common mechanism of exocrine gland secretion?
merocrine

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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