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NYCC Histology > Epithelium > Flashcards

Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

4 basic tissue types

A

epithelium
connective
muscle
nerve

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2
Q

What do basic tissues contain?

A

cells and ECM

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3
Q

Define

Cell

A

basic structural and functional unit of all multicellular organisms

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4
Q

Define

Tissue

A

organized aggregation of cells that function in a collective manner

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5
Q

Define

Organ

A

differentiated structure consisting of cells and tissues and performing some specific function in an organism

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6
Q

What are the 8 organ systems of the body?

A

circulatory
lymphoid
respiratory
digestive
endocrine
urinary
reproductive
integumentary (skin)

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7
Q

Define

parenchyma

A

cells responsible for an organ’s specific functions

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8
Q

Define

stroma

A

cells that have a supporting role in an organ

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9
Q

Epithelial Tissue

vascular or avascular

A

avascular

no blood vessels

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10
Q

Epithelial Tissue

location

A

lining all external and internal surfaces of the body

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11
Q

any substance entering or exiting the body must cross some type of ____

A

epithelial tissue

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12
Q

the ____ surface is attached to an underlying ____ ____

A

basal; basement membrane

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13
Q

cell size and morphology are determined by ____

A

their function

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

functions

A
  • protection
  • absorption
  • secretion
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15
Q

Define

basal pole

A

part of the cell contacting the ECM and connective tissue

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16
Q

Define

apical pole

A

the opposite end, usually facing a free surface (open space)

some ep. cells have specialized apical surface mods depending on func’n

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17
Q

Define

basement membrane

A

noncellular, thin extracellular sheet of macromolecules, forming a semipermeable filter for substances reaching the epithelial cells from below

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18
Q

name

2 regions of basement membrane

A
  1. basal lamina
  2. reticular lamina
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19
Q

Define

basal lamina

A

thicker electron-dense part closer to epithelial cell

(typically used synonymously with basement membrane)

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20
Q

Define

reticular lamina

A

more diffuse and fibrous (reticular fibers) which joins with the underlying connective tissues

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21
Q

Define

microvilli

A

apical cytoplasmic projections

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22
Q

microvilli

Function

A

increase surface area for absorption

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23
Q

microvilli

location

A
  • prominently found in digestive tract to absorb nutrients
  • densely packed; brush border projecting into lumen
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24
Q

What is a brush border

A

appearance of microvilli under a microscope as a striated border projecting into lumen

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25
Q

number of microvili on the surface of a cell

A

can be 100-1000s

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26
Q

microvilli

composition

A

contain bundled actin filaments capped by the plasma (cell) membrane

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27
Q

Define

terminal web

A

horizontal network of actin filaments and intermediate filaments below the base of the microvilli

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28
Q

microvilli

actin filaments (microfilaments) insert into the ____

A

terminal web

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29
Q

microvilli

motile/nonmotile

A

nonmotile

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30
Q

Name

specialized apical cell surface modifications

A
  1. microvilli
  2. sterocilia
  3. cilia
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31
Q

Define

stereocilia

A

long microvilli

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32
Q

Stereocilia

location

A
  • mostly limited to male reproductive tract
  • sensory hair cells of inner ear
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33
Q

stereocilia

function

A

increase cell surface area to facilitate absorption; mechanoreceptors in hair cells of ear

34
Q

stereocilia

composition

A

microfilaments (a core of actin filaments) anchoring to terminal web

35
Q

stereocilia

motile/nonmotile

A

nonmotile

36
Q

Define

cilia

A

long apical structures, larger than microvilli (longer and wider)

37
Q

cilia

composition

A

contain internal arrays of microtubules (not microfilaments):
axoneme and basal bodies

38
Q

Define

axoneme

A

organized core of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 pattern

9 outer doublets, 2 central
Located in cilia

39
Q

Define

basal bodies

A

outer 9 paired microtubules join the basal body below the cell membrane anchoring the structure to the cytoskeleton

a modified centriole

40
Q

cilia

motile/nonmotile

A

motile

capable of moving fluid and particles along epithelial surfaces

41
Q

What 2 factors is traditional classification of epithelium based on?

A
  1. number of cells (layers of cells)
  2. shape of cells
42
Q

classification of epithelium

number of cells

A
  • simple epithelium - one cell layer thick
  • stratified epithelium - 2+ layers
43
Q

classification of epithelium

shape of cells

A
  • squamous - cell width>height (thin flat cells)
  • cuboidal - width=depth=height
  • columnar - height»width
44
Q

epithelium

2 special/other classifications

A
  • pseudostratified
  • transitional (urothelium)
45
Q

Define

pseudostratified

A
  • appear stratified
  • columnar; nuclei appear at different levels
  • some cells may not reach free surface
  • all cells rest on basement membrane

pseudostratified=simple epithelium

46
Q

transitional epithelium (urothelium)
- location
- shape
- function

A

epithelium lining found in the lower urinary tract
- always stratified
- dome-like cells (umbrella cells); unique morphologic features that stretch, allowing for distention which alters/transitions cell shape

47
Q

function

terminal web

A

anchor microvilli

48
Q

When classifying stratified epithelium, only consider…

A

only consider the shape of the apical layer (and surface modifications)

shape and height of cells vary from layer to layer

49
Q

2 specialized classifications of simple squamous epithelium (based on location)

A

Endothelium
Mesothelium

50
Q

simple squamous epithelium lining the surface of blood & lymphatic vessels?

A

endothelium

51
Q

simple squamous epithelium lining the walls and covers serosal surfaces of closed cavities of the body

A

mesothelium

52
Q

what is serosal surface

A

free outer surface

53
Q

what type of epithelium covers the outer wall of the intestine?

A

mesothelium

54
Q

what special surface modification is on the lining of the oviduct?

A

cilia

55
Q

where is keratin located?

A

dry surfaces

56
Q

what type of epithelium is always stratified?

A

transitional (urotherlium)

57
Q

where is urothelium found?

transitional epithelium

A

urinary bladder

58
Q

what type of epithelium is always collumnar?

A

pseudostratified

59
Q

function

goblet cells

A

secrete lubricating mucus

60
Q

Define

secretory epithelia

A

epithelial cells that function to produce and secrete various macromolecules and comprise glands

61
Q

what type of epithelium are glands made of?

A

secretory epithelia

62
Q

exocrine glands secrete products via…

A

secrete products through epithelial ducts connected to a surface

63
Q

What do endocrine glands lack? How do they secrete their products?

A

lack a duct system; direct secretion into surrounding connective tissues where capillaries absorb secreted products

64
Q

secretions of endocrine glands are called ____

A

hormones

65
Q

exocrine glands can be ____ or ____

A

simple or compound

66
Q

simple exocrine glands

A

ducts not branched

67
Q

compound exocrine glands

A

ducts with 2+ branches

68
Q

exocrine secretory portions can be ____ or ____

A

tubular or acinar

69
Q

tubular exocrine gland secretory portions

A

short, or long and coiled

70
Q

acinar exocrine secretory portions

A

rounded and sac-like

71
Q

3 exocrine gland release mechanisms

A
  1. merocrine secretion (eccrine)
  2. holocrine secretion
  3. apocrine secretion
72
Q

define

merocrine secretion

eccrine

A
  • secretory product is released in membrane-bound vesicles to the apical surface of the cell
  • extrude contents by exocytosis
73
Q

define

holocrine secretion

A

cells accumulate product as they mature and enlarge, ending in rupture of cell and release of products

74
Q

define

apocrine secretion

A

product accumulates in cell apical surface, released along with a thin layer of cytoplasm within an evelope of plasma membrane

75
Q

3 types of secretory products

A
  1. mucous
  2. serous
  3. seromucous
76
Q

define

mucous secretions

A

viscous and slimy; contain heavily glycosylated proteins

77
Q

define

serous secretions

A

watery; high in unglycosylated proteins

78
Q

define

seromucous secretion

A

mix of serous and mucous secretions

79
Q

what does ‘labile’ mean

A

ability of epithelial cells to renew continuously by mitotic activity and stem cell populations

80
Q

in stratified epithelium, where do stem cells and mitosis occur?

A

only in the basal layer

81
Q

what is the most common mechanism of exocrine gland secretion?

A

merocrine

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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