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NYCC Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What permanent CT cell is phagocytic and functions as an APC?

A

Macrophage

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2
Q

define

connective tissue

A

provides a matrix that supports and physically connects other tissues and cells together

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3
Q

CT composition

A

cells and ECM

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4
Q

ECM composition

A

fibers and ground substance (fluid filling space)

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5
Q

define

mesenchyme

A

a tissue developing from the mesoderm (middle layer of embryo)

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6
Q

CT is derived from __________

A

embryonic mesenchyme

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7
Q

4 types of permanent/resident CT cells

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. adipocytes
  3. macrophages
  4. mast cells
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8
Q

what is the principal and most prevalent CT cell?

A

fibroblast

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9
Q

function

fibroblast

A
  • produce & maintain ECM
  • synthesize & secrete fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
  • synthesize complex carbs of ground substance
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10
Q

fibroblast

active vs inactive cells

A

active cells - fibroblast - larger nuclei
inactive cells - fibrocyte - smaller cells

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11
Q

define

adipocyte

A
  • fat cells found in CT of many organs
  • large cells, derived from mesenchyme
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12
Q

function

adipocyte

A
  • energy storage: cytoplasmic storage of lipid
  • heat production
  • cushion & protect skin & organs
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13
Q

adipocytes are derived from ____

A

mesenchyme

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14
Q

macrophages are derived from ____

A

monocytes (type of WBC)

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15
Q

what are tissue histiocytes?

A

monocytes that enter tissues, known as macrophages

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16
Q

define

macrophages

A

phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells that play an important role in repair & inflammation after tissue damage

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17
Q

phagocytic cells

A

turnover of protein fibers, removal of dead cells, tissue debris, foreign matter

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18
Q

antigen presenting cells (APC)

A

phagocytic
immune system cells with foreign antigens

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19
Q

macrophages are part of what system?

A

mononuclear phagocytic system

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20
Q

what organelle is very abundant in macrophages?

A

lysosome

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21
Q

define

mast cells

A

large, ovoid, heavily grandulated CT cells

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22
Q

what CT cell is associated with allergic reactions known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

A

mast cells

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23
Q

secretory products of mast cell granules

A
  • histamine
  • heparin
  • serine proteases
  • eosinophil & neutrophil chemotactic factors
  • cytokines
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24
Q

function

histamine

A

increase vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

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25
Q

function

heparin

A

anticoagulant

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26
Q

2 types of wandering/transient CT cells

A
  1. plasma cells
  2. other leukocytes (WBCs)
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27
Q

function

plasma cells

A

product antibodies

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28
Q

describe

plasma cells

A
  • large, ovoid cell with basophilic cytoplasm, large pale golgi apparatus
  • nucleus eccentrically placed with peripheral heterochromatin regions giving “clock-face” appearance
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29
Q

examples of other leukocytes (WBCs)

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • adult stem cells
  • myofibroblasts
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30
Q

adult stem cells

A

niches of adult stem cells are located in various tissues and organs; typically differentiating into specific cells

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31
Q

myofibroblasts

A

fibroblasts involved in wound healing; have a well-developed contractile function; contain a form of actin

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32
Q

most abundant CT fiber

A

collagen

33
Q

define

collagen

A
  • family of proteins forming various extracellular fibers, sheets and networks with strong resistance to shearing and tearing forces
34
Q

most abundant protein in the body

A

collagen

35
Q

structure

collagen

A

bundles of fine, threadlike subunits called collagen fibrils

36
Q

collagen synthesis is the specialty of the ____

A

fibroblasts

37
Q

collagen synthesis

A
  • polypeptides produced in RER
  • in ER, 3 a-chains folded into triple helix
  • triple helix cleaved into a procollagen molecule (tropocollagen)
  • different types of procollagen chains produce the various types of collagen w different structures & functions
38
Q

what produces the various types of collagen with different structures and functional properties?

A

different combinations of procollagen a-chains

39
Q

what is a procollagen molecule?

A

basic subunit from which all fibers or sheets are assembled (AKA tropocollagen)

40
Q

assembly of type 1 collagen

A

fibrils->fibers->bundles

41
Q

type 1 collagen main location

A

most places in body

42
Q

type 2 collagen main location

A

cartilage

43
Q

type 3 collagen main location

A

reticular

44
Q

type 4 collagen main location

A

basement membranes

45
Q

reticular fibers are produced by ____

A

fibroblasts (reticular cells)

46
Q

function

reticular fibers

A
  • supporting stroma of hemopoietic (bone marrow) and lymphatic tissue –> network called reticulum
47
Q

reticular fibers consist mostly of ____

A

type III collagen

48
Q

what does argyrophilic mean?

A

“loves silver” - reticular fibers are stained black with silver salts

49
Q

location

reticular fibers

A
  • delicate loose CT at boundary of CT & epithelium
  • surrounding adipocytes, small blood vesselsm nerves, muscle cells
  • abundant in embryonic tissue
50
Q

function

elastic fibers

A

allow tissues to respond to stretch & distension

51
Q

elastic fibers are produced by ____

A

fibroblasts

52
Q

structure of elastic fibers

A

composed of fibrillin, forming a network of microfibrils embedded in a large mass of cross-linked elastin

53
Q

function of elastin

A

hydrophobic nature allows random coiling of its fibers

54
Q

in large blood vessels, elastin occurs in fenestrated sheets called ____

A

elastic lamellae

55
Q

define

ground substance

A

part of ECM that occupies spaces between cells and fibers

56
Q

3 macromolecules of ground substance

A
  1. glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  2. proteoglycans
  3. multiadhesive glycoproteins
57
Q

how is CT proper classified?

A

according to amount of collagen & ground substance

58
Q

3 types of CT proper

A

loose CT
dense irregular CT
dense regular CT

59
Q

loose CT

fibers & cells

A

fewer, loosely arranged fibers (type 1)
abundant cells

60
Q

dense irregular CT

fibers & cells

A

abundant fibers (type 2)
few cells

61
Q

dense regular CT

fibers & cells

A

ordered, densely packed fibers (type 1) & cells

62
Q

dense irregular CT

functional properties

A
  • strength
  • allows stretch & distension
63
Q

loose CT

location

A

beneath epithelia covering body surfaces and lining internal surfaces of body

64
Q

dense irregular CT

location

A

dermis of skin, submucosa of hollow organs, capsules surrounding most organs

65
Q

dense regular CT

location

A

tendons & ligaments

66
Q

2 types of specialized CT

A

mesenchyme
mucoid

67
Q

mesenchyme

location

A

primarily in embryo

68
Q

mesenchyme

function

A

contains undifferentiated cells capable of differentiating into all CT

69
Q

mucoid CT

location

A

umbilical cord (Wharton’s jelly)
nucleus pulposis of IVD

70
Q

mucoid CT

fibers & cells

A

fewer cells than mesenchyme, whispy fibers

71
Q

2 types of adipose tissue

A

white
brown

72
Q

white adipose

unilocular/multilocular

A

unilocular: single large droplets of triglicerides, displace nucleus to periphery

73
Q

brown adipose

unilocular/multilocular

A

multilocular: multiple lipid droplets, abundant mitochondria, central nucleus

74
Q

white adipose

function

A

energy storage (lipids)

75
Q

white adipose

appearance

A

chicken wire

76
Q

brown adipose

function

A

thermogenesis

77
Q

reticular tissue is characterized by abundant ____ and type ____ collagen

A

abundant fibers
type 3 collagen

78
Q

reticular tissue

location

A

bone marrow - hemapoeitic tissue
lymph nodes

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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