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NYCC Histology > Lymphatic (immune) system > Flashcards

Lymphatic (immune) system Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Group of cells, tissues & organs that monitor the body & react to presence of potentially harmful substances & infectious agents

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2
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Definitive cell type & the effector cells in the immune system response
(Primary functional cell of immune system)

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3
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Bone marrow
Thymus

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4
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Diffuse & mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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5
Q

2 branches of immune system

A
  1. Innate immunity (natural, nonspecific)
  2. Adaptive immunity (acquired, specific)
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6
Q

Mediating cells of innate immunity

A

Phagocytic cells:
neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, NK cells

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7
Q

Adaptive immunity involves ____ & ____ activation against ____ antigens

A

B & T lymphocytes
Specific

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8
Q

adaptive immunity

Antigens are presented to lymphocytes by phagocytic ____

A

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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9
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that can induce a specific immune response

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10
Q

APCs

A
  • present fragments of endocytosed foreign proteins (antigens) to lymphocytes via MHC II
  • mostly derived from monocytes (I.e. macrophages)
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11
Q

adaptive immunity

2 types of specific defences

A

Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity

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12
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) by B lymphocytes which have differentiated into plasma cells

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13
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Response to transformed & infected cells for destruction by specific killer cells (involves T lymphocytes)

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14
Q

Epitopes (antigenic determinants)

A

Small molecular domains of the antigen immune cells can recognize & react to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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15
Q

MHC molecules are produced by…

A

supergene located on chromosome 6 in humans

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16
Q

MHC 1 expressed on surface of….

A

All nucleated cells & platelets

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17
Q

MHC 1 functions

A
  • act as target to allow elimination of abnormal host cells
  • present peptide fragments (“normal self”) to cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes
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18
Q

different types of cells in lymphatic & hematopoietic tissue are identified by ____ on their surface

A

Cluster of differentiation (CD) markers

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19
Q

Human version of MHC

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

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20
Q

MHC II is expressed on the surface of ____

A

all APCs

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21
Q

MHC II functions

A
  • presents partially digested endocytosed foreign peptides (“non-self”) to helper CD4+ T lymphocytes
  • critical in immune interactions
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22
Q

how are CD molecules designated?

A

designated by numbers according to an international system that relate them to antigens expressed on their surfaces at different stages in their differentiation

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23
Q

T lymphocytes are differentiated in the ____ but produced in the ____

A

thymus
bone marrow

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24
Q

T lymphocytes are involved in ____

A

cell-mediated immunity

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25
Q

T lymphocytes recognize antigenic epitopes via surface protein complexes called ____

A

T-cell receptors (TCRs)

26
Q

T lymphocytes only recognize antigens when presented as part of ____

A

MHC molecules

27
Q

3 subsets of T lymphocytes

A
  1. helper T lymphocytes (CD4)
  2. cytotoxic T lymphocytes (killer T cells/CD8)
  3. regulatory (suppressor) T lymphocytes
28
Q

Helper T lymphocytes express ____

A

CD4+ markers (=CD4+ T cells)

29
Q

TCRs and CD4 bind ____

A

MHC II (“non-self”) molecules

30
Q

what happens when CD4 binds MHC II?

A
  • activate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
  • activate macrophages to become phagocytic & produce cytokines
  • activate NK cells
  • promote differentiation of B cells to plasma cells
31
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Killer T cells) express ____

A

CD8 markers (= CD8+ T cells)

32
Q

TCRs with CD8 bind ____

A

MHC I (normal self) molecules

33
Q

regulatory (suppressor) T lymphocytes express ____

A

CD4+ and CD25+

34
Q

function of regulatory (suppressor) T lymphocytes

A

inhibit excessive immune responses (inhibit other immune cells)

35
Q

B lymphocytes differentiate in ____

A

bone marrow

36
Q

B lymphocytes are involved in ____

A

humoral immunity

37
Q

B lymphocytes are covered with many ____, which bind ____

A

B-cell receptors (BCRs)
Foreign antigens

38
Q

B-cell receptors are monomers of ____ or ____

A

IgM or IgD (antibodies/immmunoglobulins)

39
Q

B cells mature into ____

A

plasma cells and memory B cells

40
Q

function of plasma cells

A

produce antibodies against specific antigen that was originally bound and processed

41
Q

memory B cells

A

long lived, allows rapid response upon subsequent exposure to antigen

42
Q

what allows for a faster response to subsequent exposure to an antigen?

A

memory B cells
(activation of B lymphocytes produces clones of memory B cells)

43
Q

basic structure of an antibody

A

2 light chains + 2 heavy chains forms an antibody molecule (monomer)

44
Q

function of variable portion (Fab) of antibody

A

bind antigen (at a specific epitope)

45
Q

function of constant region (Fc) of antibody

A

bind to surface receptors of cells

46
Q

Name the 5 major classes of antibodies

A

(GAMED)
1. IgG
2. IgA (secretory IgA)
3. IgM
4. IgE
5. IgD

47
Q

what is the most abundant class of antibody?

A

IgG

48
Q

functions of IgG

A
  • passive immunity in fetus/newborn (^soluble, cross placenta)
  • opsonization (brings antibody to cell with receptor for it)
49
Q

which antibody type is present in most secretions?

A

IgA (secretory IgA)

50
Q

what is the largest type of antibody?

A

IgM

51
Q

when is IgM produced?

A

mainly produced in initial response to antigen

52
Q

IgE has Fc receptors on ____

A

basophils & mast cells

53
Q

when IgE binds to its cells, it triggers ____

A

allergic reaction

54
Q

IgD is bound to ____ and acts as ____

A

surface of B lymphocytes
antigen receptors (BCR)

55
Q

actions of antibodies

A
  1. compliment activation
  2. opsonization
  3. NK cell activation
56
Q

what is compliment activation?

A
  • compliment system = group of ~20 plasma proteins
  • when activated, cascade of enzymatic reactions result in rupture (lyse) of cell membranes invading cells
57
Q

what is opsonization?

A
  • receptors on macrophages, neutrophils, & eosinophils recognize Fc receptors of antibodies attached to microorganism
  • facilitates phagocytosis by leukocytes
58
Q

NK cell activation

A
  • antibodies bound to antigens on virus-infected cells recognized by NK cells
  • NK cells release proteins (perforin & granzymes) -> cause death of infected cell
59
Q

what are NK cells?

A

specialized to kill certain types of target cells

60
Q

What happens when TCRs & CD8 bind MHC I?

A

CD8 cells attached to transformed cells release chemicals causing apoptosis

61
Q

B cells bound to foreign antigens present ____ on their surface

A

MHC II

62
Q

B cells present antigens expressed as MHC II to ____

A

CD4 T helper cells

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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