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NYCC Histology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system consists of the ____ and ____

A

Digestive tract & it’s associated glands

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2
Q

Digestive tract consists of

A

Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus

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3
Q

4 main layers of walls of GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa & adventitia
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4
Q

Functions of mucosal layer of GI tract

A

Protection
Absorption
Secretion

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5
Q

3 sub layers of mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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6
Q

Define lamina propria

A

Loose CT which supports epithelium of a mucosal surface

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7
Q

Lamina propria contains…

A
  • blood & lymphatic vessels
  • Glands
  • lymphatic tissue (GALT/MALT)
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8
Q

Define Muscularis mucosae

A

Smooth muscle which allows for local movement of mucosa

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9
Q

Submucosa contains…

A
  • Dense irregular CT
  • Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)
  • Supports larger blood vessels & lymphatic vessels
  • some glands
  • lymphatic tissue (GALT/MALT)
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10
Q

Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)

A

Autonomic nerves that innervate the Muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

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11
Q

Muscularis externa usually consists of…

A

2 layers of smooth muscle (sometimes 3)

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12
Q

Layers of muscularis externa

A
  • inner: generally circular
  • outer: generally longitudinal
  • CT between 2 layers
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13
Q

Function of muscularis externa

A

Layered smooth muscle in opposite planes aids in peristalsis

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14
Q

CT between muscle layers of muscularis externa contains….

A
  • blood & lymphatic vessels
  • myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus)
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15
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Autonomic nerves that innervate smooth muscle of muscularis externa

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16
Q

Define serous

A
  • Thin layer of CT with outer covering of mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium
  • serous membrane (free surface) is continuous with mesentary)
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17
Q

Define adventitia

A

CT layer that merges with surrounding tissues
- not a free surface (no mesothelium)

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18
Q

Define esophagus

A

Muscular tube that transports swallowed material to the stomach

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19
Q

Features of esophageal mucosa

A
  • epithelium= stratified squamous (nonkeratinized)
  • lamina propria: esophageal cardiac glands
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20
Q

Esophageal cardiac glands

A
  • located near cardiac portion of stomach
  • produce neutral mucous to protect esophagus from regurgitated stomach contents
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21
Q

Features of esophageal Submucosa

A

Esophageal glands

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22
Q

Esophageal glands

A
  • More numerous
  • produce slightly acidic mucous to lubricate & protect mucosa
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23
Q

Features of esophageal muscularis externa

A
  • contains skeletal muscle in upper 1/3 of esophagus
  • middle 1/3 skeletal mixed with smooth muscle
  • lower 1/3 only smooth muscle

*swallowing begins as voluntary and ends with involuntary peristalsis

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24
Q

Functions of esophagus

A

Transport

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25
Q

Function of stomach

A

Adds acid fluid to ingested food creating viscous mass (chyme)

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26
Q

stomach

Mucosa & Submucosa thrown into large longitudinal folds called ____

A

Rugae

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27
Q

Chyme

A

Mixture of food & stomach acid

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28
Q

stomach

Function of rugae

A

Allow for distension as stomach fills with food

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29
Q

Regions of stomach

A
  1. Cardiac stomach/region (cardia)
  2. Pyloric stomach/region (pylorus)
  3. Fundic stomach/region (fundus)
  4. Body (similar to fundus)
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30
Q

stomach

Features of mucosa

A
  • Epithelium= simple columnar
  • surface mucous cells
  • gastric glands
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31
Q

Simple columnar epithelium of stomach invaginates into the ____

A

Lamina propria

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32
Q

stomach

Invaginations into the lamina propria form millions of ____ which lead to ____

A

Gastric pits lead to gastric glands

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33
Q

stomach

Surface mucous cells

A
  • line lumen & gastric pits
  • secrete thick viscous insoluble mucous layer rich in bicarbonate (alkaline)
  • protection against chyme & stomach acid
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34
Q

Gastric glands of fundus

A

Fundic glands
Long, tubular

35
Q

4 main cell types of Fundic glands

A
  1. Mucous neck cells
  2. Parietal cells
  3. Chief cells
  4. Enteroendocrine cells (argent affine cells)
36
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

In upper portion
Secrete soluble mucous (slightly acidic)

37
Q

Parietal cells

A

Stain eosinophilic
Produce HCL and intrinsic factor

38
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Glycoprotein required for protection & uptake of vitamin B12

39
Q

Chief cells

A

Stain basophilic
Located in lower 1/2 of gland
Secrete pepsinogen

40
Q

In an acidic environment, pepsinogen is converted to ____

A

Pepsin

41
Q

Pepsin

A

Protease that begins breakdown of proteins

42
Q

What begins to digest lipids?

A

Gastric lipase

43
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secretions

A

Various peptide hormones:
- serotonin, increases gut motility
- gastrin promotes acid production

44
Q

Cardia & pylorus contain

A

tubular glands -> long pits -> gastric glands (cardiac & pyloric glands)

45
Q

Cardiac & pyloric glands composed mostly of ____

A

Mucous-secreting cells (no chief or parietal cells)

46
Q

stomach

Layers of muscularis externa

A
  • outer longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • inner oblique
47
Q

stomach

Function of muscularis externa

A

Rhythmic contractions of muscle mix food & chyme with mucous, HCL and digestive enzymes

48
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Thickening of middle muscle layer at end of pylorus
Controls release of chyme into duodenum

49
Q

Muscularis externa of the stomach is innervate by ____

A

Auerbach’s/Myenteric plexus

50
Q

Function of small intestine

A

Site where digestion is completed & nutrients are absorbed

51
Q

3 anatomical segments of small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

52
Q

small intestine

Mucosa & Submucosa are thrown into ____

A

Permanent circular folds (plicae circulares)

53
Q

Function of plicae circulares

A

Increase surface area

54
Q

small intestine

Villi are located in the ____ layer

A

Mucosa

55
Q

small intestine

Villi

A

Finger-like projections of mucosa, covered by epithelium with a core of lamina propria

56
Q

Function of villi

A

Increase surface area of mucosa for absorption

57
Q

small intestine

Epithelium of mucosa

A

Simple columnar:
- enterocytes (absorptive cells) contain thousands of microvilli
- goblet cells (mucous production) interspersed among enterocytes

58
Q

small intestine

In the Lamina propria of the mucosa, villi contain a central ____

A

Lacteal

59
Q

Lacteal

A

Highly permeable lymphatic vessel, closed at one end
Important for absorption of lipids

60
Q

small intestine

In the Lamina propria of the mucosa, between villi, short tubular glands open into ____

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal glands)

61
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal glands) are lined with ____

A
  • Mainly Enterocytes & goblet cells
  • paneth cells (in basal portions of crypts)
  • Enteroendocrine cells
62
Q

Paneth cells

A

In basal portion of crypts
Secrete antimicrobial substances

63
Q

small intestine

In the Lamina propria of the mucosa, Enteroendocrine cells produce…

A

Various peptide hormones
- cholecystokinin: promotes pancreatic enzyme secretion, gall bladder contraction, inhibits gastric acid secretion, and secretin, promotes pancreatic water & bicarbonate secretion, inhibits gastric acid secretion & stomach emptying

64
Q

Submucosa of duodenum contains ____

A

Brunner’s glands (duodenal glands)

65
Q

Brunner’s glands produce….

A

Alkaline mucus (neutralize chyme, optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes)

66
Q

Ducts of Brunner’s glands open into ____

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn (mucosa)

67
Q

How is the jejunum differentiated?

A

Lack of submucosal glands
Lack of Peyer’s patches

68
Q

In the ileum, the mucosa (lamina propria + submucosa) contains ____

A

Peyer’s patches

69
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Permanent lymphatic nodules

70
Q

How do Peyer’s patches differ from GALT/MALT?

A

GALT/MALT is transient
Peyer’s patches are permanent

71
Q

Principle functions of large intestine

A
  • Absorption of electrolytes and water
  • elimination of undigested food/waste
72
Q

3 parts of large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum

73
Q

Cecum

A

Short piece, forms blind pouch from which the appendix projects

74
Q

Colon

A

Subdivided into ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

75
Q

Rectum

A

Dilated distal portion, stores feces prior to evacuation

76
Q

Mucosal surface of large intestine

A

Smooth surface - no plicae circulares or villi

77
Q

Epithelium of mucosal layer of large intestine

A

Simple columnar: many goblet cells interspersed with enterocytes which have microvilli

78
Q

Lamina propria of mucosal layer of large intestine

A

Contains crypts of Lieberkuhn

79
Q

Muscularis externa of colon is condensed into 3 separate longitudinal bands of muscle called ____

A

Teniae coli

80
Q

Teniae coli

A

Contract lengthwise, aid in peristalsis

81
Q

Epithelium of anal canal

A

Simple columnar of rectum shifts abruptly to stratified squamous of skin at the anus

82
Q

Near the anus, the circular layer of muscularis externa forms the ____

A

Internal anal sphincter

83
Q

Internal anal sphincter has further control exerted by ____

A

Skeletal muscle of external anal sphincter

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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