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NYCC Histology > Nerve > Flashcards

Nerve Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of NS

A
  • enable body to respond to changes in external/internal environment
  • control & integrate functional activities of organs & control systems
  • nerve tissue throughout body = communication network
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2
Q

Two major divisions of nervous system

A

CNS & PNS

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3
Q

Connections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS are called ____

A

Ganglia

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4
Q

Functional divisions of NS

A

Somatic
Autonomic

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5
Q

What division of the NS exercises conscious control over voluntary functions

A

Somatic NS

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6
Q

What division of the NS controls involuntary functions, acts on smooth & cardiac muscle & some glands?

A

Autonomic

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7
Q

2 components of ANS

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic

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8
Q

Two principal cell types of NS

A

neurons & glial cells

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9
Q

Structural & functional unit of the NS

A

Neuron

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10
Q

Supporting cells of NS

A

Glial cells

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11
Q

Major functions of neuron

A

Irritability (excitability) & conductivity

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12
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cell body (soma)

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13
Q

Nissl substance

A

Corresponds to a stack of concentrated rER

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14
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Abundant intermediate filaments with cytoskeletal functions

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15
Q

Dendrites

A

Long, numerous receptor processes, receive stimuli from other neurons at synapses of the external environment

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16
Q

Synapse

A

Specialized junctions between neurons that transmit impulses

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17
Q

Axon (nerve fiber)

A

A single long process ending at synapses specialized to generate & conduct nerve impulse to other cells

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18
Q

Axolemma

A

Plasma membrane of axon

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19
Q

Axon hillock

A

Pyramid shaped region where axon originates from the perikaryon

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20
Q

The axon hillock lacks ____ but contains _____

A

Nissl substance; neurofilaments

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21
Q

Neuron classifications by number of processes

A
  1. Multipolar neurons
  2. Bipolar neurons
  3. Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neurons
  4. Anaxonic neurons
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22
Q

Neuropil

A

Processes of glial cells & neurons

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23
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Has one axon, and 2 or more dendrites
Eg. Motor neurons & interneurons

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24
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Has one dendrite & one axon
Sometimes receptors for special senses

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25
Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neuron
Has single axon that divides close to the cell body, one branch extends to periphery, other towards CNS
26
Location of unipolar neurons
Found in all other sensory neurons, located close to CNS
27
Neuron classification by function
1. Sensory 2. Interneurons 3. Motor neurons
28
Sensory neuron
Receives stimuli (afferent) from internal or external environment & transmit impulses toward CNS
29
Interneurons
Act as connectors between neurons in a chain or typically between sensory & motor neurons in CNS
30
Motor neuron
Conducts impulses (efferent) from CNS to target cells
31
Peripheral NS neuroglial cells
Schwann cells & satellite cells
32
Function of Schwann cells
- produce myelin - form mesaxon - aid in cleaning up PNS debris, guide regrowth of PNS axons
33
Schmidt-Lanterman clefts
Small islands of Schwann cell cytoplasm within successive lamellae of myelin
34
Unmyelinated axons of PNS are enveloped by ____
Schwann cells
35
Node of Ranvier
Junction between adjacent Schwann cells
36
Satellite cell function
Maintenance of microenvironment: physical support, repair, insulation - same as Schwann cells but do not make myelin
37
Difference between Schwann cells & satellite cells
Satellite cells do not make myelin
38
CNS neuroglial cells
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
39
Function of astrocytes
- Physical & metabolic support for CNS neurons - form BBB
40
Protoplasmic astrocytes
Have numerous short branching cytoplasmic processes, prevalent in gray matter of brain
41
Fibrous astrocytes
Fewer processes that are long & delicate, prevalent in white matter of brain
42
Oligodendrocytes
Small cells that make & maintain myelin in CNS
43
Functions of microglia
- migratory & phagocytic - immune defense (APC) - inflammation & repair process
44
What is the cell that makes myelin in CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
45
What cell makes myelin in PNS?
Schwann cells
46
Ependymal cells
Epithelial-like columnar (to cuboidal) cells lining ventricles & central canal of spinal cord
47
Ependymal cells are associated with capillaries to form the _____
Choroid plexus
48
What apical cell surface projections are present on ependymal cells in some areas of CSF?
Microvilli & cilia
49
Function of choroid plexus
Produce CSF
50
CT components of peripheral nerves
Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium
51
Endoneurium
Loose CT surrounding individual nerve fibers (axon)
52
Perineurium
CT around bundle of nerve fibers (fascicles)
53
Epineurium
Dense irregular CT surrounding whole peripheral nerve
54
Regions rich in perikarya and astrocytes comprise the ____
Gray matter
55
Regions containing tracts of myelinated axons comprise the ____ (no parikarya)
White matter
56
Cerebellar cortex functions
Coordinates muscular activity, posture, and balance
57
Three layers of cerebellum
Molecular layer Purkinjie cell layer Granular layer
58
Molecular layer of cerebellum
Contains much neuropil & scattered neuronal cell bodies
59
Purkinjie cell layer
Characterized by Purkinjie cells (multipolar neurons) - body position & proprioception
60
Purkinjie cells
Efferent neuronal cells, conduct impulses from brain to muscles & glands
61
Granular layer
Contains various small, densely packed neurons (granule cells) and little neuropil
62
White matter of cerebellar medulla contains….
Myelinated nerve fibers, fibrous astrocytes and microglia (no neuronal cell bodies)
63
Cerebral cortex (gray matter) is responsible for…
Cognitive thinking, memory, sensory integration, voluntary motor function
64
Primary cell type in cerebral cortex (gray)
Pyramidal cells
65
Pyramidal cells
Efferent multipolar neurons conduct impulses outward from brain - conscious control of muscle movement

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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