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NYCC Histology > Nerve > Flashcards

Nerve Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of NS

A
  • enable body to respond to changes in external/internal environment
  • control & integrate functional activities of organs & control systems
  • nerve tissue throughout body = communication network
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2
Q

Two major divisions of nervous system

A

CNS & PNS

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3
Q

Connections of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS are called ____

A

Ganglia

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4
Q

Functional divisions of NS

A

Somatic
Autonomic

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5
Q

What division of the NS exercises conscious control over voluntary functions

A

Somatic NS

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6
Q

What division of the NS controls involuntary functions, acts on smooth & cardiac muscle & some glands?

A

Autonomic

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7
Q

2 components of ANS

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic

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8
Q

Two principal cell types of NS

A

neurons & glial cells

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9
Q

Structural & functional unit of the NS

A

Neuron

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10
Q

Supporting cells of NS

A

Glial cells

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11
Q

Major functions of neuron

A

Irritability (excitability) & conductivity

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12
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cell body (soma)

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13
Q

Nissl substance

A

Corresponds to a stack of concentrated rER

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14
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Abundant intermediate filaments with cytoskeletal functions

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15
Q

Dendrites

A

Long, numerous receptor processes, receive stimuli from other neurons at synapses of the external environment

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16
Q

Synapse

A

Specialized junctions between neurons that transmit impulses

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17
Q

Axon (nerve fiber)

A

A single long process ending at synapses specialized to generate & conduct nerve impulse to other cells

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18
Q

Axolemma

A

Plasma membrane of axon

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19
Q

Axon hillock

A

Pyramid shaped region where axon originates from the perikaryon

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20
Q

The axon hillock lacks ____ but contains _____

A

Nissl substance; neurofilaments

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21
Q

Neuron classifications by number of processes

A
  1. Multipolar neurons
  2. Bipolar neurons
  3. Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neurons
  4. Anaxonic neurons
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22
Q

Neuropil

A

Processes of glial cells & neurons

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23
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Has one axon, and 2 or more dendrites
Eg. Motor neurons & interneurons

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24
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Has one dendrite & one axon
Sometimes receptors for special senses

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25
Q

Pseudounipolar (unipolar) neuron

A

Has single axon that divides close to the cell body, one branch extends to periphery, other towards CNS

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26
Q

Location of unipolar neurons

A

Found in all other sensory neurons, located close to CNS

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27
Q

Neuron classification by function

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Interneurons
  3. Motor neurons
28
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Receives stimuli (afferent) from internal or external environment & transmit impulses toward CNS

29
Q

Interneurons

A

Act as connectors between neurons in a chain or typically between sensory & motor neurons in CNS

30
Q

Motor neuron

A

Conducts impulses (efferent) from CNS to target cells

31
Q

Peripheral NS neuroglial cells

A

Schwann cells & satellite cells

32
Q

Function of Schwann cells

A
  • produce myelin
  • form mesaxon
  • aid in cleaning up PNS debris, guide regrowth of PNS axons
33
Q

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

A

Small islands of Schwann cell cytoplasm within successive lamellae of myelin

34
Q

Unmyelinated axons of PNS are enveloped by ____

A

Schwann cells

35
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Junction between adjacent Schwann cells

36
Q

Satellite cell function

A

Maintenance of microenvironment: physical support, repair, insulation
- same as Schwann cells but do not make myelin

37
Q

Difference between Schwann cells & satellite cells

A

Satellite cells do not make myelin

38
Q

CNS neuroglial cells

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

39
Q

Function of astrocytes

A
  • Physical & metabolic support for CNS neurons
  • form BBB
40
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Have numerous short branching cytoplasmic processes, prevalent in gray matter of brain

41
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

Fewer processes that are long & delicate, prevalent in white matter of brain

42
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Small cells that make & maintain myelin in CNS

43
Q

Functions of microglia

A
  • migratory & phagocytic
  • immune defense (APC)
  • inflammation & repair process
44
Q

What is the cell that makes myelin in CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

45
Q

What cell makes myelin in PNS?

A

Schwann cells

46
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Epithelial-like columnar (to cuboidal) cells lining ventricles & central canal of spinal cord

47
Q

Ependymal cells are associated with capillaries to form the _____

A

Choroid plexus

48
Q

What apical cell surface projections are present on ependymal cells in some areas of CSF?

A

Microvilli & cilia

49
Q

Function of choroid plexus

A

Produce CSF

50
Q

CT components of peripheral nerves

A

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

51
Q

Endoneurium

A

Loose CT surrounding individual nerve fibers (axon)

52
Q

Perineurium

A

CT around bundle of nerve fibers (fascicles)

53
Q

Epineurium

A

Dense irregular CT surrounding whole peripheral nerve

54
Q

Regions rich in perikarya and astrocytes comprise the ____

A

Gray matter

55
Q

Regions containing tracts of myelinated axons comprise the ____ (no parikarya)

A

White matter

56
Q

Cerebellar cortex functions

A

Coordinates muscular activity, posture, and balance

57
Q

Three layers of cerebellum

A

Molecular layer
Purkinjie cell layer
Granular layer

58
Q

Molecular layer of cerebellum

A

Contains much neuropil & scattered neuronal cell bodies

59
Q

Purkinjie cell layer

A

Characterized by Purkinjie cells (multipolar neurons)
- body position & proprioception

60
Q

Purkinjie cells

A

Efferent neuronal cells, conduct impulses from brain to muscles & glands

61
Q

Granular layer

A

Contains various small, densely packed neurons (granule cells) and little neuropil

62
Q

White matter of cerebellar medulla contains….

A

Myelinated nerve fibers, fibrous astrocytes and microglia (no neuronal cell bodies)

63
Q

Cerebral cortex (gray matter) is responsible for…

A

Cognitive thinking, memory, sensory integration, voluntary motor function

64
Q

Primary cell type in cerebral cortex (gray)

A

Pyramidal cells

65
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Efferent multipolar neurons conduct impulses outward from brain
- conscious control of muscle movement

NYCC Histology (21 decks)

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