Urinary System Flashcards
Dissolved substances and particles move across the glomerular basement membrane based on what 3 characteristics of the substances?
size, shape and electrical charge
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of what 3 things?
macula densa of the corresponding DCT, extraglomerular mesangial cells at the glomerular hilus between the arterioles, and the renin-containing juxtaglomerular cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole.
Renin is made by the:
Angiotensinogen is made by the:
Angiotensin I is made by the:
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme cleaves Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II in the:
Aldosterone is made by the:
A. liver
B. kidney
C. lung
D. adrenal glands
Renin is made in the kidney by the afferent arteriole juxtaglomerular cells after the macula dense secretes PGE2 induces it. Angiotensinogen is made in the liver and is converted into angiotensin I in the kidney. Angiotensin I is converted by ACE into Angiotensin II in the lung which causes peripheral systemic and efferent renal arteriole vasoconstriction. Aldosterone is made in the adrenal cortex and causes sodium, and therefore, water retention.
Antidiuretic hormone is made by the __________ and raises the GFR by inserting _________ channels in the collecting duct, increasing water resorption.
posterior pituitary; aquaporin-2
Elevated levels of BUN and creatitinine indicate:
A. renal failure
B. failure of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
C. elevated glomerular filtration rate
D. reduced glomerular filtration rate
D. reduced GFR of more than 75% is the cause of azotemia.
How does reduced GFR lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Reduced GFR –> phosphate retained–> decreased iCa2+ due to binding of phosphate to available Ca –> reduced GFR leads to deficient activation of vitamin D3 –> increased synthesis of PTH from parathyroid glands due to hypocalcemia and decreased vitamin D3 –> secondary hyperparathyroidism
In transient ischemia of the kidney, which structures are most likely to be affected first?
A. Capsular (stellate) arteries
B. Cortical nephrons
C. Juxtamedullary nephrons
D. Interstitium
B. cortical nephrons are more prone to ischemia. Filtration is then transferred to the juxtamedullary nephrons which have greater concentrating ability.
Tissue from a piglet. Most likely cause:
A. Aminoglycoside toxicity
B. Iron toxicity
C. Dehydration
D. Streptococcus suis
C. Dehydration. Piglets suffer from urate crystal deposition in the renal papilla as a result of anorexa leading to breakdown of proteins. Their nephrons are too immature to concentrate urine into a hypertonic solution, and they can’t resorb urates from the glomerular filrate like other mammals. Common in neonates that become dehydrated and anorexic.
Extrarenal lesions of uremia in dogs include all of the following except:
A. Left ventricular hypertrophy
B. Uremic stomatitis
C. Mineralization of the gastric mucosa
D. Mineralization of the parietal intercostal pleura
E. Colitis
E. colitis is common in cattle with uremia, but not in dogs.
Fanconi syndrome is associated with what breed?
Basenji.
Renal amyloidosis is comnmon in what breed of cat?
Abyssininian
Hereditary canine C3 deficiency syndrome leading to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is found in what breed of dog?
Brittany Spaniel
Cystinuria and cystine urinary calculi are found in what breeds of dog?
Irish terrier; Scottish terriers and Newfoundlands
The renal cystadenocarcinoma/nodular dermatofibroma disease complex is found in what breed of dog?
German Shepherd Dog
What breeds of dogs develop polycystic kidney disease?
Bull terrier, cairn terrier, West Highland White Terrier
Tissue from a Persian cat. Name the disease, give the cause, give two other affected organs and one other affected animal and its breed.
Polycystic kidney disease, PKD1 autosomal dominant mutation, liver and pancreas can also have cysts. PKD1 autosomal dominant mutations are also found in Bull Terriers.
