Female Reproductive System Flashcards
What gene determines testis development in males?
SRY gene
What gene is important in ovarian development in females? What gene does this gene upregulate that is specific to female development?What male gene does it inhibit?
WNT4; NROB1 (DAX1); SOX9
What hormone drives development of male structures to develop in the embryo?
anti-mullerian hormone
The uterus, vagina, and cervix are formed from what paired ducts?
paramesonephric ducts (aka Mullerian ducts)
What does the SRY gene do?
It is responsible for making the protein that encodes for male sexual development; stands for “sex-determining region Y” as it is found only on the Y chromosome.
Examples of aneuploidy include all of the following except: A. Kleinfelter-like syndrome B. Freemartinism C. Turner-like syndroms D. XXX genotype
B. Freemartinism is chimerism, where XX/XY expression occurs in the female who is twin to a male. Kleinfelter’s syndrome is XXY, and Turner’s syndrome is X_.
A key diagnostic feature of freemartinism is:
presence of poorly developed vesicular glands attached to the lower fused segment of the paramesonephric ducts.
In freemartinism, this cell type is exchanged between the fetuses and allows tolerance for the other’s cells.
hematopoietic cells
The development of sterility in freemartin females is due to the transfer of _______ factors carried in the bloodstream via the placental anastomoses to the female gonad where it inhibits development.
testis-determining factors
What key diagnostic feature is indicative of freemartinism in this tissue?
paired vesicular glands are the key diagnostic feature of freemartinism
All of the following are found in freemartinism except:
A. Non-patent vagina
B. Paired vesicular glands
C. Enlarged clitoris
D. Normal estrogen production by the freemartin ovary
D. The freemartin ovary has a greatly reduced estrogen secretion due to inhibition by testis-determining factors entering the bloodstream from the male twin.
Cattle are the only species in which freemartinism occurs. True/False.
False. Other species have freemartins, but it is not as common.
The most common disorder of XY sexual development with female phenotype is:
A. XY, SRY+, ovarian DSD with female phenotype
B. XY, SRY+, testicular DSD with female phenotype
C.XY, SRY-, ovarian DSD with female phenotype
D. XY, SRY -, testicular DSD with female phenotype
B. XY, SRY +, testicular DSD with female phenotype. This is an XY genotype in which the SRY gene is present, abnormal development of the testes resulting in sterility or ovaries or ovotestes, and external female genitalia or hypoplastic male genitalia.
The XY SRY+, testicular DSD, female phenotype has a controlling mutation in what gene? What does this gene mutation cause? Why do these animals have no internal female genitalia?
TFM; produces androgen insensitivity where the normal production of testosterone by the testes is not recognized due to inadequate androgen receptors. Anti-mullerian hormone is still produced which suppresses the formation of internal uterine, vaginal and ovarian structures, though external genitalia is still female.
What is the diagnostic test for XY, SRY+, testicular DSD, female phenotype?
androgen receptor assay on labial skin
Cystic remnants of paramesonephric ducts are classified as what type of DSD?
A. XX, SRY+, ovarian DSD, female phenotype
B. XX, SRY-, ovarian DSD, female phenotype
C. XX, SRY -, testicular DSD, male phenotype
D. XX, SRY +, testicular DSD, male phenotype
B. These are ovarian DSD’s since the disorder results in ovarian tissue still as the paramesonephric ducts lead to female structure production. There are no XX, SRY+ in vet med (remember the SRY+ gene is found on the Y chromosome).
Polled intersex syndrome is found in what species? Are PIS homozygous, heterozygous or both affected by XX testicular/ovotesticular DSD?
goat; only the PIS homozygous have the DSD disorder which can result in either testicles or ovotesticles in an XX female. The heterozygous is what produces only the polled phenotype with no change in sexual development.
Causes of ovarian remnant syndrome are most likely:
A. surgical remnants
B. congenital remnants
A. surgical remnants. No evidence of congenital remnant ovarian tissue.
Where is ectopic adrenal tissue normally found?
A. broad ligament
B. suspensory ligament
C. serosal surface of the urinary bladder
D. ovarian fimbriae
B. suspensory ligament is the where ectopic adrenal tissue is normally found, also the ovarian capsule in horses and ovarian tunic
Cystic mesonephric tubule remnants are common in this species ________ and are composed of this cell type in the wall ________.
horse; smooth muscle
Cystic rete are common in the ______ and __________, arise from the _______ __________, and are most common in the ______ region of the ovary. The do not have ______ ________ in their walls, and tend to compress ovarian tissues and compromise ovarian function as opposed to the cystic remnants of mesonephric tubules.
dog and cat; rete ovarii; hilar; smooth muscle
Fimbrial cysts derive from the paramesonephric duct and are most common in what species?
horse
Where are mesonephric duct remnants found compared to mesonephric tubule remnants? What about paramesonephric duct remnants?
Mesonephric duct remnants are found along the lateral side of the uterine tubes, uterine horns, uterine body, cervix and cranial vagina; they are remnants of Wolffian ducts and should regress in females. Mesonephric tube remnants are found near the cranial or caudal poles of the ovary. Paramesonephric ducts give rise to the uterine horns, uterine body and cervix when they fuse together, so remnants are located in these organs, i.e fimbrial cysts and segmental aplasia of the uterine horns as well as double uterine bodies (haven’t fused together).
All of the following apply to an imperforate hymen except:
A. They are most common in cows and dogs
B. They are the result of failure of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts
C. They form a longitudinal band cranial to the urethral orifice
D. They lead to severe uterine atony or pyometra if they are complete
E. They are found in animals with genital tract abnormalities that make them unfit for breeding
E. these animals frequently have a normal genital tract except for this defect and if the imperforate hymen is relieved it can usually function normally
Complete division of the uterine body and cervix is called:
uterine didelphys
Ovarian tags are:
A. regions of serositis that develop on a pre-ovulatory follicle
B. regions of serositis that can prevent interfere with ovulation
C. regions of serositis that develop adjacent to corpora lutea
D. the result of manual enucleation of corpora lutea in cattle
C. these are normal regions of serositis that develop adjacent to the corpora lutea (so post-ovulatory) that are composed of fibrin, neutrophils and proliferating capillaries. They do not interfere with ovulation or the passage of ova into the uterine tube. Manual enucleation of corpora lutea is a cause of severe, potentially fatal hemorrhage in cattle and practice is no longer performed.
Ovarian varicosities with thrombi and infarction of the ovary are common in which species?
mare
Three types of cysts that develop from mesonephric ducts are:
cystic epoophoron, cystic paroophoron and cystic rete
Parovarian cysts are either:
A. cystic epoophoron or cystic paroophoron
B. cystic rete or cystic epoophoron
C. cystic rete or cystic paroophoron
A. parovarian cysts are found near the ovary and are either cystic epoophoron or paroophoron. Cystic rete develop from mesonephric tubules like the former but were destined to form the rete ovarii in the ovary. They do not have smooth muscle in their walls, which differentiates them from cystic remnants of the mesonephric duct.
Paramesonephric duct cysts are also known as:
A. fimbrial cysts
B. hydatids of Morgagni
C. accessory oviducts
D. all of the above
D. all of the above are synonyms. They are more common in the mare.
Subsurface epithelial structures of the ovary in the dog are lined by:
A. cytokeratin-postiive, cuboidal epithelium derived from modified peritoneal cells and are prone to neoplastic transformation
B. modified smooth muscle cells of no clinical importance
C. terminally differentiated fibroblasts
D. cytokeratin negative, cuboidal epithelium derived from modified peritoneal cells than are prone to hyperplasia without neoplastic transformation
A. cuboidal epithelium derived from modified peritoneal cells which are prone to neoplastic transformation. They extend from the ovarian serosal surface and undergo papillary hyperplasia then neoplastic transformation. They are hormonally sensitive and are cytokeratin positive, which differentiates them from atretic follcular cysts.
All of the following applies to ovarian inclusion cysts except:
A. they are more common in the mare
B. they are more common at the ovulation fossa
C. They are derived from entrapment of small segments of peritoneum
D. they are lined by granulosa cells
E. they can be associated with compression and atrophy of adjacent ovarian tissue
D. they are lined by epithelium. Follicles are lined by granulosa cells.
Cystic follicular disease is accompanied by all of the following except:
A. follicles larger than they should be at ovulation
B. persistence of the follicle
C. signs of hyperestrogenism
D. its over-representation in the mare
D. Cystic follicular disease associated with anovulation is a problem in cows and sows!!!
Most ovarian cysts are associated with signs of persistent estrus. True/False.
False. most are not associated with persistent estrus (nymphomania)
Cystic ovarian disease associated with anovulation may be the result of all of the following except:
A. the absence or mistiming of the pre-ovulatory LH surge due to high basal LH levels
B. intrauterine infections
C. concomittant genital tract malformations
D. genetic predispositions
C. anovulatory cystic ovarian follicles are not associated with malformations in the rest of the tract.
??
Luteinized cysts occur when what happens?
ovulation fails to occur and the theca undergoes luteinization (so no ovulation papilla).
How are luteinized cysts and cystic corpora lutea differentiated?
the cystic corpora lutea will have an ovulation papilla because it is a post-ovulation structure. Luteinized cysts are pre-ovulation so they lack the ovulation papilla and are therefore uniformly smooth-walled.
Consequences of cystic follicular ovarian disease (AKA cystic ovarian degeneration) include all of the following except:
A. formation of Gartner’s duct cysts in the vaginal wall and Bartholin’s duct cysts in the vulva
B. cystic endometrial hyperplasia in the uterus
C. endometriosis
D. mucometra
E. cervical enlargement and patency
C. endometriosis is a disease of old world (i.e. menstruating) primates. The other options are all potential sequelae of cystic ovarian disease as it progresses.
A common cause of infertility in sows is cystic ovaries and are normally composed of (single/multiple) (follicular/luteinized) cysts.
multiple; luteinized
A serious sequela of polycystic ovarian syndrome in the dog is
A. infertity
B. mucometra
C. pyometra
D. pancytopenia
D. bone marrow suppression leading to pancytopenia is the result of the dog’s sensitivity to endogenous or exogenous estrogen secretion from the multiple follicular cysts in the ovary that are in various stages of atresia
The most common cause of cysts in the dog is:
A. inclusion cysts and hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles
B. follicular and luteinized cysts
C. cystic rete and subepithelial structure cysts
D. polycystic ovarian disease
C. cystic rete and SES are the most common cause of ovarian cysts in the dog. Inclusion cysts and HAF are found in the mare. Follicular and luteinized cysts are commonly found in cows and sows, and while polycystic ovarian disease is a canine cause of cysts, it is very rare.
In mares, granulosa-theca cell tumors can cause all of the following syndromes except:
A. anestrous
B. intermittent estrus
C. continuous estrus
D. male behavior with normal testosterone production
E. male behavior with elevated testosterone production
Male behavior is only found when testosterone levels reach > 100 pg/ml in the peripheral plasma. (normal non-pregnant mare is 20-45 pg/ml)
Tissue from a mare. All of the following would be expected findings associated with this lesion except?
A. production of inhibin
B. atrophy of the contralateral ovary
C. Call-Exner bodies on histopathology
D. uniform population of large round cells with frequent mitoses
E. embedded Leydig cells
D. this would be a finding in a dysgerminoma. The rest are features of a granulosa-theca cell tumor in mares. Atrophy of the contralateral ovary is thought to be due to the production of inhibin, not testosterone, though the tumor produces both. Tumors producing a large amount of testosterone would be expected to have more Leydig cells in them (large eosinophilic polyhedral cells).
What is a distinguishing factor in the histologic identification of neoplastic thecal or luteal cells?
intracytoplasmic lipid
All of the following apply to ovarian papillary cystadenomas and adenocarcinomas except:
A. They occur most commonly in the dog
B. They are not hormonally responsive
C. They are frequently bilateral
D. They cause ascites from lymphatic obstruction
E. They are distinguised from sex cord stromal tumors by Cytokeratin 7 immunopositivity
B. These tumors have been induced by diethylstilbesterol in dogs and are responsive to estrogenic stimulation. They occur most commonly in the dog, and can be present along with a sex-cord stromal tumor making identification with CK7 by IHC an important diagnostic feature. These are frequently bilateral and cause ascites through lymphatic obstruction by permeating tumor fragments.
The dysgerminoma is the female homolog to what tumor in the male? What inflammatory cell frequently infiltrates these tumors?
the seminoma in male dogs; lymphocytes
Teratomas should have a minimum of how many germ layers?
2
Teratomas are the result of
A. mitosis
B. meiosis
B. meiosis. Tumors result from XX diploid cells that are homozygous at chromosal loci for which the host is heterozygous
Ovarian hemangiomas occur in what species?
pigs
Hydrosalpinx in cows is most commonly caused by what?
A. inflammation
B. congenital malformations
C. ovarian trauma
C. manual manipulation of the ovary is the most common cause of hydrosalpinx in the cow. Inflammation is more likely to lead to pyosalpinx unless it is chronic and may cause secondary hydrosalpinx from stenosis of the lumen
Uterine prolapse is secondary to all of the following except what process in cattle:
A. prolonged dystocia followed by manual traction
B. retained placenta
C. postparturient hypocalcemia
D. ketosis
D. ketosis does not cause uterine prolapse.
All of the following apply to cystic endometrial hyperplasia except:
A. can be the result of a subclinical infection
B. can result from sex cord stromal tumors
C. can involve only a few glands
D. can involve the entire endometrium
E. rarely lead to true pyometra
E. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra syndrome is a common phenomenon because of their linkage, with one leading to the other and vice versa.
What hormone is responsible for cystic endometrial hyperplasia in dogs and cats? What hormone primes the endometrial cells for sensitivity to the hormone that drives CEH?
progesterone; estrogen primes the endometrial cells by upregulating receptors for progesterone
Segmental endometrial hyperplasia is a component of what disease in dogs and is the result of what? What is the former term for this type of reaction?
pseudoplacentational endometrial hyperplasia; sterile substances within the uterus during the luteal phase of the estrus cycle; deciduoma
What are features of pseudoplacentational endometrial hyperplasia on histology?
polypoid mass attached to the endometrium; superficial endometrium is necrotic; endometrium organized into three distinct layers; no fetal tissues identified
What active metabolite of phytoestrogens is the cause of infertility in sheep consuming legumes? What plants are most known for causing sheep infertility due to estrogenic compounds converted in the rumen?
equol; Trifolium (clover) and Medicago (alfalfa) spp. The phytoestrogen in clover is isoflavone and the phytoestrogen in alfalfa is coumestan. Formononetin is an isoflavone which is converted to equol in the rumen.
What is the gross placental lesion of B. abortus?
Moroccan leather appearance of intercotyledonary regions, severe edema, nonuniform necrosis of cotyledons
What histologic feature, when found, is indicative of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus or C. jejuni infection in an aborted lamb?
multifocal necrotizing hepatitis; grossly looks like a target lesion with a depressed inner area
Chlamydia reticulate bodies are (non-infectious/infectious) while elementary bodies are (non-infectious/infectious).
reticulate bodies are noninfectious and elementary bodies are infectious. (Elementary school children are highly infectious!!!)
Which two organisms are differentials for that found in the image?
A. Chlamydia abortus
B. Trueperella pyogenes
C. Histophilus somni
D. Coxiella burnetii
A and D. This is an image of C. burnettii which are acid-fast and produce microcolonies that distend the trophoblasts. The other differential diagnosis is C. abortus (picture shown here) which are also acid-fast on a modified Ziehl-Neelsen. They tend to have smaller colonies but differentiation requires PCR. Smears of Coxiella placentas should have abundant numbers of organisms.
Infection with Wesselsbron virus leads to:
a. copper toxicosis
b. Councilman bodies in the liver
c. intranuclear inclusion bodies of varying morphology
d. all of the above
d. all of the above are consequences of infection with WESSV. The virus is found in Africa, infects cattle and sheep and has a low mortality. Copper toxicosis can occur secondary to hepatocyte necrosis in lambs and calves which is either mild or severe. Councilman bodies are necrotic, shrunken hepatocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm and pynotic nuclei usually surrounded by unaffected or less affected hepatocytes. Inclusions can vary.
Tissue from a dog. What is the gross lesion and name the disease.
ellipsoidal enlargements (hemorrhagic, thickened regions) of the uterine horn located in areas of prevous placental attachment found in subinvolution of placental sites.
Most likely cause?
This is vulvar swelling from the estrogenic effects of myocotoxin, specifically zearalenone or F-2, which is produced by Fusarium spp. The most common Fusarium to cause this is F. graminearum. Sows and dogs are the most common species to have estrogen-related vulvar swelling.
Tissue from a cow. What of the below are not assocated with this lesion?
A. Ureaplasma diversum infection
B. Hyperplastic lymphoid follicles
C. Chronic nonspecific inflammation
D. Mycotoxin exposure
D. Mycotoxin exposure does not cause granular vulvitis in cattle, which this is. Granular vulvitis is a nonspecific finding that occurs from chronic inflammation of multiple causes. Ureaplasma has been experimentally shown to induce the papules, howevere. The papules are composed of hyperplastic lymphoid follicles but can coalesce rupture and bleed with secondary infections. The papules are restricted to the vulva, not the vagina or the cervix which distinguishes it from other infectious causes such as IPPV or Epivag from BoHV-4.
How does the cause of dourine differ from other trypanosomiases?
Trypanosoma equiperdum is transmitted by contact with infected mucous membranes between stallions and breeding mares. It is not transmitted by biting insects, there is not the presence of the organisms in high numbers in the bloodstream but it is found in high numbers in vaginal discharge after infection.
The genital form of dourine that is characteristic for the disease frequently involves:
A. ulceration leading to depigmented scars of the genital mucosa
B. vesicles on the vulva and glans penis
C. neoplastic transformation of infected tissue
A. ulcers that form on the male and female genitalia are frequently depigmented and undergo scar atrophy which is characteristic of the disease. The stallion also has penile prolapse.
