Ruminants Flashcards
Tissue from a calf. Which of the following is a common associated lesion?
A. “paratyphoid nodules” in the liver
B. villous bluting
C. diphtheritic membrane within the duodenum
D. abomasal ulceration and edema
A. This is an image of gall bladder edema secondary to Salmonellosis which also causes paratyphoid nodules in the liver (foci of hepatocellular necrosis with Kupffer cell hyperplasia). Salmonella causes an acute diarrhea. Villous blunting implies a more chronic change with repair. While Salmonella does cause a diphtheritic membrane, it is more severe in the ileum and spares the duodenum. Abomasal ulceration and edema is a common feature of Braxy as a result of Clostridium septicum infection. It is most commonly found in lambs and occasionally in calves.
Tissue from a white-tailed deer. The most likely etiology is:
A. Odocoileus adenovirus 1
B. Bluetongue virus
C. Bovine Herpes Virus 1
D. Histophilus somni
B. BTV causes vasculitis in WTD, which are highly susceptible to BT along with its orbiviral cousin EHDV. Adenovirus is a good gross differential, but has characteristic INIB. Bovine Herpes -1 which causes IBR in cattle also has INIB and does not infect WTD, although a new gammaherpes virus does cause classical MCF symptoms in WTD. Histophilus somni causes a suppurative vasculitis and frequently has clouds of bacteria present. It also has tropism for the brain.
Cow. Morph, cause and associated lesion.
Ergotism. Morph is segmental necrotizing pododermatitis and cellulitis. Also gangrene would work. Ergot, ergonamine are causes. Claviceps is the parasite that produces the ergot alkaloids that cause peripheral vasoconstriction. Sloughing of the tail, tips of ears, teats, mammary gland dries up, abortion. Also found in fescue grass - fescue foot - causes abdominal fat necrosis.
Tissue from an ox. Morph.
Hepatic telangiectasia. Depressions under the capsule. Loss of hepatocytes with pooling of blood histologically. Also seen in cats, rats. AKA peliosis.
Tissue from an ox. Morph and cause.
Multifocal sclerosing cholangitis. Associated with intraductal parasite of bile ducts, usually Fasciola hepatica adult flukes. Migration of larvae (immature flukes) causes Black disease or Bacillary hemoglobinuria.
Morph, cause. Another possible site affected.
Necrohemorrhagic rhabdomyositis with emphysema. C. chauveoi (Blackleg). Left ventricule of heart and base of tongue.
Morph, etiology and cause.
Multifocal to coaelscing necrotizing hepatitis. Hepatic fusobacteriosis. Cause is Fusobacterium necrophorum from ruminal acidosis.
Tissue from a sheep. Morph and cause.
Multifocal to coalescing proliferative abomasitis. Cause is in the picture. Ostertagia circumcincta. Similar to cattle with O. ostertagi. Hypeplasia and metaplasia of the mucus cells. They crowd out the parietal epithelium and result in increased abomasal pH. Eventially becomes Moroccan leather lesion. Mucosa becomes leaky and they get hypoproteinemia, hypergastrinemia, hyperpepsinogenemia. Parasite undergoes hypobiosis and emerge later.
Stilborn lamb. Morph and cause.
Multifocal to coaelscing necrotizing hepatitis. Campylobacter foetus gives these targetoid lesions in aborted lambs. Causes septicemia and abortion.
Tissue from an ox. Morph.
Liver with biliary choleliths. Cholelithiasis.
Aborted bovine fetus. Morph and etiologic diagnosis.
Multifocal proliferative dermatitis. Mycotic dermatitis. Aspergillus fumigatus is most common.
Tissue from an ox. Etiologic diagnosis and Cause.
Skeletal cysticercosis. Cystericus bovis, larval form of Taenia saginata.
Tissue from an ox. Name the disease. 3 causes.
Expansion of septa by edema and emphysema. Atypical interstitial pneumonia. 3 causes: 3-methyl indole toxicity. Moldy sweet corn (Fumonisin B1). Paraquat. Purple mint. Stinkwood. Allergies to milk and lungworms and bovine morbillivirus (damage to Type I pneumocytes).
Calf. Name of condition and cause.
Rickets from lack of vitamin D. Spikes of primary spongiosa that can’t be mineralized. Veal calves frequently have vitamin D deficiency from lack of sunlight.
Tissue from a calf. Morph and 2 causes.
Bilaterally symmetrical fibrinonecrotic pharyngitis. AKA Calf diphtheria. Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum or Histophilus somni.
Tissue from a calf. Morph and most likely cause.
Diffuse necrotizing bronchinterstitial pneumonia. Characteristic dimorphic appearance caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Overinflation and expansion of septa (caudal lobes) as well as areas that are consolidated and collapsed (cranioventral). #1 cause of pneumothorax in cattle.
Tissue from a calf. Give a morph and cause.
Hydranencephaly. Oribivus. Bluetongue infection between 50 and 125 days of age.
Could be Akabane, Cache valley, Schmallenberg virus (any Bunyavirus).
Calf. Give 2 morphs.
1)Cerebellar hypoplasia and 2) hydrocephalus or focal hydranencephaly or cerebrocortical atrophy. BVDV infection.
Tissue from a goat. Morph and cause.
Multifocal to coalescing necrohemorragic rhombencephalitis. Listeria monocytogenes.
Name the condition and give the pathogenesis.
Brisket disease. Increase in elevation –> hypoxia –> secondary pulmonary hypertension –> constricted pulmonary arteries –> pressure overload on right side of heart to overcome constricted pulmonary arteries –> right heart failure (cor pulmonale).
Tissue from a sheep. Etiologic diagnosis?
Granulomatous inflammation in dorsal fields of lungs with green tinge = lungworms. Protostrongylus, Dictycaulus, Meullerius. In large airways.
Lupinosis in sheep is caused by, and what happens?
consumption of lupin stubble colonised by the fungus Diaporthe toxica (previously called Phomopsis leptostromiformis)
severe acute disease or as a chronic liver dysfunction syndrome
can also cause secondary photosensitization
Tissue from an ox, Morphologic diagnosis and name 3 etiologies?
Heart: Myocardial degeneration and necrosis with mineralization
Toxins (Ionophores, Doxycycline), toxic plants (Gossypol, etc.), vitamin D toxicity, calcium containing plants vitamin-D analogs (Solanum, Cestrum, Trisetum spp.), Vitamin E/selenium deficiency (NTD: White muscle disease, nutritional myopathy)
In Dexter cattle, bulldog calves are associated with mutations in which gene?
A. YARN
B. HIRT
C. ACAN
D. ORCA
C. ACAN
Chondrodysplasia
Bulldog type in Dexter and Holstein, Telemark type in Jersey, Snorter type in beef breeds
chondrodysplasia in sheep, different gross appearance long knock-knees, spider lamb syndrome caused by FGFR3 mutation
Morphologic diagnosis and most likely cause in calf under 3 months?
Cervical vertebral osteomyelitis and epiphysitis and necrosis with pathologic fracture, involucrum and sequestrum Salmonella dublin (particularly from C5-T1) Osteomyelitis in cattle is typically hematogenous and frequently Salmonella spp at <3 mo and T. pyogenes in cattle over 6 mo. Many other bacteria sporadically involved. Other ruminants affected by these and wide variety of bacteria
Tissue from an Angora goat. Name the condition. Signifiance? Histologic findings?
Cloisonne kidney. Found only in goats, incidental finding. Histo is pigmentation of proximal tubular basement membrane by red-black pigment, likely from hemosiderin and ferritin deposition from repeated episodes of intravascular hemolysis. Unknown pathogenesis.
Tissue from an ox. Morph and cause.
Enamel dysplasia from fluoride toxicosis.
Tissue from a sheep. Morph. Name the condition. Cause. Another affected organ?
Bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia with hemorrhage, acute, mutlifocal, severe. Focal encephalomalacia is the disease name. Caused by overeating. C. perfrigens Type D. Epsilon toxin is what causes this lesion as it causes necrosis of endothelial cells. Another affeted organ is the intestine where A and B toxins cause hemorrhage and necrosis.
Tissue from an ox. Name the condition. 3 causes.
Polioencephalomalacia. Morph is laminar necrosis of cerebral gray matter. Thiamine deficiency. High sulfur diet. Lead toxicosis. Salt toxicosis. Diets high in molasses (sulfur elevated);
Tissue from a cow. 3 causes.
Bovine cowpoxvirus. Bovine papular stomatitis virus (parapox virus). Bovine herpes virus -2 (also causes pseudolumpy skin disease).
Tissue from an ox. Name the disease.
Dermatosparaxis. Type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Collagen disorder. Pro-collagen 1-n-proteinase is the deficient gene in cattle.
3 month old calf. Morph.
Medulloblastoma
Tissue from a sheep. Most likely etiology?
Bluetongue. Could be PPR as well outside the US. Also ovine pestivirus (Border disease) but much less likely.
Tissue from a calf. Name the condition and give the cause.
Dexter bulldog calf. Chondrodystrophic. Aggrecan gene (ACAN gene) is mutated. Usually stillborn.
Tissue from an ox. Etiology?
Dictyocaulus viviparous. Causes catarrhal bronchiloitis. Lives in the lumen, does not embed in the mucosa. No inflammation, just mucus production.
Tissue from a calf. Morph.
Embolic nephritis from bacterial showering.
Tissue from an ox. Etiology?
Oesophagostumum spp. (ex. radiata). These are subserosal granulomas.
Tissue from an ox. Etiology?
Fibropapillomas are most commonly caused by bovine papillomavirus type 2, but could also be type 3 or 1. In horses, cause sarcoids. Type 6 affects teats, udders and are epitheial only. NOT 4 - UPPER GI ONLY.
Tissue from an ox. Give 3 possible mechanisms for this presentation.
Type 1: Plant toxicity from ingestion of preformed photodynamic compounds (phenothiazine/tetracycline, hypericin in St. John’s wort, fagopyrin in buckwheat). Type 2: Congenital porphyria (genetic defect), lack uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase –> abnormal heme synthesis –>leads to accumulation of uroporphyrin I, coproporphyrin I and protoporphyrin III in blood/tissues. Type 3: Hepatic insufficiency from hepatocellular injury (most common)- cholestasis and is due to impaired capacity of the liver to excrete phytoporphyrins (previously phylloerythrin), a photodynamic agent which is a breakdown product of chlorophyll, normally excreted in bile via bilirubin transporters, resulting in increased blood levels and dermatitis; level of green feed consumption plays a role in severity of condition
Tissue from an ox. Cause?
Sarcocystis. Eosinophilic myositis. Look for greenish color of endocardium.
Tissue from a sheep. Etiology?
Cysticercus taeniacollis
Necrotizing encephalitis in cattle is caused by?
Bovine herpes virus type 5 - South America
Tissue froma sheep. Cause?
pulmonary adenocarcinoma. OPP would be a differential, but more diffuse since interstitial pneumonia. ACA caused by the Jaggsietke endogenous retrovirus in sheep.
Tissue from a goat. Associated lesion in the brain?
Intramural vascular edema in the brain of goat with enterotoxemia (focal symmetrical encephalomalacia). Clostridium perfringens type D. Epsilon toxin. Hemorrhages throughout the body but specifically in the brain.
