Avian Flashcards
The eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in fowl pox are known as?
Bollinger bodies
Which virus causes osteopetrosis in chickens?
A. Marek’s
B. Fowl pox
C. Reticuloendothelial Virus
D. Avian leukosis virus
D. Avian leukosis virus causes osteopetrosis in chickens. Also causes a lymphoid leukosis infiltration of the bursa from B cells associated with a p53 gene mutation AND weird tumors (sarcomas, hemangiomas, nephroblastomas) similar to REV and Marek’s
Avian leukosis virus causes B cell proliferation. What does Marek’s disease cause and what is the Ag that causes it? How is it transmitted?
T cell lymphoma with MD tumor-associated surface Ag; feather dander
Reticuloendotheliosis Virus causes:
A. B cell lymphoma in the bursa
B. T cell lymphoma in the peripheral nerves
C. B and T cell lymphomas in the liver, spleen and bursa
C. B and T cell lymphomas in the liver, spleen and bursa. A is ALV, B is MD.
This organism would most likely result in:
A. Necroproliferative dermatitis
B. Pancreatic necrosis
C. T cell lymphoma
D. Hepatic necrosis
A. Fowl pox has a distinctive dumbell shape on all EM. Can cause necroproliferative lesions of the skin as well as diphtheric lesions in the oral cavity/nasopharynx/trachea. Inclusions are called Bollinger Bodies.
This paramyxovirus can cause cecal tonsil necrosis, proventricular hemorrhage at the esophageal junction and conjunctival & cloacal hemorrhages:
A. Influenza
B. Avian leukosis virus
C. West Nile virus
D. Newcastle virus
D. Newcastle Virus. Previous image was hemorrhage at the proventricular-esophageal junction. Below is cecal tonsillary necrosis. These are all from the viscerotropic velogenic form of Newcastle. Fibrinoid vasculitis is the histo lesion.
3 causes of stomatitis in chickens:
Avian pox, Gallid herpesvirus-1 (infectious laryngotracheitis), Capillaria annulata or C. contorta, Trichomonas gallinae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus spp., and vitamin A deficiency.
Avian influenza is associated with:
A. H1N1
B. H5N1
C. H3N8
B. H5N1 is a type of avian influenza. Most are H5 and H7. H1N1 is swine origin and H3N8 is the strain that caused severe disease in horses and eventually greyhounds several years ago.
Pancreatic necrosis is associated with what disease in chickens?
A. Newcastle
B. Influenza
C. Fowl pox
D. Avian encephalomyelitis virus
B. Influenza and west nile virus both cause pancreatic necrosis
Corneal opacity in ducks is caused by:
A. Avian influenza
B. Newcastle disease
C. Duck viral hepatitis
D. West Nile Virus
A. Avian influenza (H5N1) causes corneal opacity in ducks.
This lesion in a duck would be more likely found in:
A. West Nile Virus
B. Duck Viral Hepatitis
C. Anatid Herpesvirus
A. West Nile Virus causes a non-heterophilic myocarditis. Other lesions include nonheterophilic meningoencephalitis, gray matter malacia, Purkinje cell necrosis, splenic necrosis and pancreatic necrosis.
What lesion does West Nile Virus cause in Chukars?
tracheitis
What virus can incorporate itself into the fowl pox genome?
Reticuloendotheliosis virus
Which poultry species are primarily affected by West Nile Virus
ducks/anseriformes and game birds (partridges and chukars)
Wrinkled eggs and hemorrhagic tracheitis/air saccuitis in poultry are a sign of?
infectious bronchitis virus (corona); also causes tubulointerstitial nephritis and nephrolithasis/uric acid crystals
Runting and Stunting syndrome in broiler chickens causing small intestinal malabsorption in chicks < 7 days old is associated with a :
A. flavivirus
B. coronavirus
C. picornavirus
D. paramyxovirus
C. picornavirus; causes dilated crypts with crypt necrosis. Flaccid and dilated, pale intestines with undigested food. Virus lives in the crypt epithelium.
Duck viral enteritis is caused by __________ and this breed of duck is most susceptible.
Anatid herpesvirus 1; Muscovies
Tissue from a duck. What is one associated lesion?
A. Penis prolapse
B. Nephrolithiasis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Meningoencephalitis
A. Penis prolapse. The annular bands are a classic lesion in Anatid Herpesvirus 1, the causative agent of duck viral enteritis. Duck virual enteritis also causes massive liver necrosis, hemorrhagic enteritis and esophagitis, tracheitis and lymphoid necrosis.
Inclusion body hepatitis is caused by what organism?
Fowl adenovirus-1. The liver becomes large and pale and friable. Histologically, there are basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies.
Swollen head syndrome in turkey is caused by:
Avian metapneumovirus
Tissue from a chicken. Most likely histologic finding:
A.erosions with intracytoplasmic inclusions
B. syncytial cells with intranuclear inclusions
C. nematode larvae
B. This is ILT caused by gallidherpesvirus 1. It is more common in chickens than gamebirds and causes epitheliual erosion and fibrinous exudate with hemorrhage. Histologically there are multinucleated syncytial cells with prominent intranuclear inclusions. Major cause of dyspnea.
Avian reovirus (Orthoreovirus) causes what gross lesions in broiler poultry?
A. lymphoproliferative disease
B. torticollis
C. egg binding
D. erosive arthritis
D. erosive arthritis caused by targeting of the virus for the synovium. Causes gastrocnemius rupture and synovitis, tendon sheath inflamation. Also causes myocarditis in turkey poults.
In chicken anemia virus infections, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions as well as atrophy are found in what organs?
A. liver and myocardium
B. pancreas and spleen
C. thymus and bone marrow
D. thyroid follicular epithelium and tracheal epithelium
C. thymus and bone marrow have atrophy with prominent intranuclear inclusions. There is also bursal atrophy. It is also called blue wing disease because of the anemia and secondary gangrenous dermatitis. A good differential is infectious bursal disease, or Gumboro disease, caused by IBDV.
Lymphoproliferative disease virus (an alpha retrovirus) must be differentiated by PCR from what virus in wild turkeys because they both cause similar lesions?
Reticuloendotheliosis virus ( a gamma retrovirus)
Tissue from a wild turkey. List two differentials.
Lymphoproliferative disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus. Also pox virus should be on the list. This image shows a turkey brain with both LPDV and REV.
Co-infection with both turkey herpes virus and LPDV causes what disease?
myeloid lymphoblastic lymphoma;
Round to ovoid or indented nuclei
Coarse to clumped chromatin and 1 to 2 prominent nucleoli,
Pale, eosinophilic cytoplasm filled with bright, eosinophilic granules
Four differentials for air sacculitis in chickens:
Mycoplasma gallisepticum, E. coli, P. multiocida (fowl cholera), Chlamydia sp.. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Infectious coryza in chickens is caused by what organism?
Avibacterium paragallinarum
A common cause of salpingitis in laying hens is:
E. coli; causes coelomitis frequently as well as omphalitis in young chicks.
What is the cause of Hjarre’s disease in poultry?
chronic E. coli granulomas; coligranulomas
Fowl cholera is more common in this species? What causes it?
geese and turkeys> chickens; P. multocida
Give one associated lesion:
A. fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia
B. lymphocytic meningoencephalitis
C. Hjarr’e disease
D. corneal opacity
A. This is fowl cholera caused by P. multocida. A common lesion is fibrinonecrotic bronchopneuonia and caseous exudates in multiple organs from bacteremia and sepsis.
The triad of lesions of fibrinous pericarditis, air sacculitis and perihepatitis is commonly associated with what organisms?
Mycoplasma gallinarum
Salmonella enterica
Salmonella arizonae causes what in young turkey poults?
encephalitis
“Bronzed liver” as a result of bile staining is a common feature in what disease in chickens?
Salmonella gallinarium (fowl typhoid).
Tissue from a turkey. Common associated lesion:
A. multifocal hepatic necrosis with intracellular baceria
B. multifocal hepatic necrosis with intranuclear inclusions
C. fibrinous coelomitis
D. meningitis
A. mutlifocal hepatic necrosis with intracellular bacteria. This is vegetative valvular endocarditis in a turkey with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Bacteria are in Kupferr cells in the liber. There is purulent arthritis, swollen snoods and dewlaps and splenohepatomegaly as well.
Tissue from a duck. Mosdt likely cause?
Reimerella anatipestifer; also causes fibropurulent meningoencephalitis and polyserositis (hepatitis, pericarditis and airsacculitis, etc)
Tissue from a chicken. Most likely cause?
Clostridium perfringens (type A>C) or C. septicum.
Virulence factor for C. perfringens pathogenesis?
NetB
Tissue from a quail. Differentials?
Clostridium colinum and coccidia.
Turkey coryza, pictured here in this animal with open mouth breathing, is caused by this organism:
A. P. multocida
B. Avibacterium parigallinarium
C. E. coli
D. Bordetella avium
D. Bordetella avium. This organism can also affect chickens. Virulence factors include hemagglutinin, heat stable and labile toxins, deermonecrotic toxin, tracheal cytotoxin and osteotoxin. A feature of this disease is the flexibility of the normally rigid complet tracheal rings. Also causes lockjaw syndrome in cockatiel chicks. Leads to similar changes histologically as other Bordetella spp., ciliar loss, lymhoid hyperplasia, excess mucus.
Giemsa stain, tissue from a passerine. What are the metachromatic granules?
A. viral inclusions
B. residual bodies
C. elementary bodies
D. myeloperoxidase
C. These are elementary bodies of C. psittaci which can infect hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, histiocytes, etc. Myeloperoxidase is not found in avian heterophils. Residual bodies are not infectious and do not stain with giemsa.
Necrotixing orchitis and epididymitis in turkeys as a result of C. psittaci results in what?
A. sterility
B. coelomitis
C. exsanguination
D. cloacal prolapse
C. exsanguination. Useful to distinguish from mycoplasma.
What is the reservoir for C. psittaci?
pigeons
Symmetrical hind limb paralysis of 5-15 week old broiler chickens is caused by?
A. Metapneumovirus
B. Avian reovirus
C. Avibacterium paragallinarum
D. Enterococcus cecorum
D. Requires previous OCD cleft in the free thoracic vertebra. Results from infection of the free thoracic vertebra by E. cecorum and is transmitted from the intestine via bacteremia withouth evidence of intestinal disease.
Tissue from a turkey. Most likely associated lesions:
a. arthritis and osteomyelitis
b. fibrinopurulent air sacculitis and pneumonia
c. bursal and thymic atrophy
d. multifocal lymphoproliferative nodules
A. This is green liver-osteomyelitis complex in a turkey caused by Staphyloccocus aureus. These turkeys are otherwise normal at slaughter but frequently have necrotizing osteomyelitis.
Mycoplasma synoviae is most commonly associated with:
arthritis
Tissue from a chicken. Most likely cause?
Vitamin A deficiency. Causes squamous cell meatplasia of secretory and glandular epithelium. Eyelid lesions in young birds.
Exudative dermatitis of non-feathred skin, epecially the rictus and plantar surface of the feet, is from defiency of what?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B2
C. Vitamin B7
D. Vitamin D
Vitamin B7 causes epidermal hyperplasia. Vitamin B2 is riboflavin and causes curled toe paralysis from sciatic nerve myelin degeneration and axonopathy.
What are the histologic lesions of vitamin D deficiency in birds?
Growth plate (hallmark lesion): Marked increase in number of persistent hypertrophic chondrocytes forming disorganized clumps at sites of endochondral ossification – at the physis and in the epiphysis underlying the articular cartilage
Metaphysis: Disorganized primary spongiosa; unmineralized clumps of hypertrophic chondrocytes; thickened, irregular metaphyseal trabeculae covered by thick seams of unmineralized osteoid (need special stains/techniques to recognize thick osteoid seams); microfractures of trabeculae
Tissue from a chicken. Morph and cause.
Parathyroid hyperplasia, bilateral, severe; hypocalcemia
Tissue from a chicken. What are the lesions? What are the histologic features? What is the cause?
Growth plate and expansion and loss of tibial neck. Histologically there is an increased zone of hypertrophy with many osteoblasts and few osteoclasts. Cause is Vitamin D3 or Phosphorus deficency.
Tissue from a turkey. Name the etiology and one associated lesion.
Histomonas melagridis, cause of blackhead in turkeys. TARGETOID LESIONS IN THE LIVER ARE CLASSIC. Infection starts in cecum or intestine. Histomonads are like small amoeba. Typhlitis is another common lesion. Secrete perforins and cause coagulative necrosis. PAS shows histomonads. Transferred by Heterakis gallinarum.
Tissue from a chicken. Name the condition.
Osteopetrosis. Caused by Avian Leukosis Virus, alpha retrovirus. All chickens have it in their genome, condition caused by mutations that lead to p53 mutation. May also cause lymohoid tumors throughout viscera. Retrovirus in chickens causes altered differentiation in OSTEOBLASTS where in mammals osteopetrosis is caused by defect is OSTEOCLASTS.
Duck. Morph, cause and another lesion?
Paraphimosis, Anatidherpesvirus 1 (duck viral enteritis). Circumferential intestinal necrosis.
Tissue from a quail. Cause.
Syngamus trachei.
Tissue from a chicken.
These are kidneys with renal gout.
Tissue from a pigeon. Name the disease. Give the morph, a cause and another affeted species.,
Canker. Necrotizing pharyngitis and ingluvitis. Caused by Trichomonas gallnarum. Another affected species would be any raptor.
This disease is called ____________ and is attributed to what activity?
green muscle disease (deep pectoral myopathy); vigorous wing beating leading to increased subfascial pressure in the muscle, edema, hemorrhage, ischemic necrosis and fibrosis.
Which of the following is associated with vitamin E or selenium deficiency in poultry?
A. Wooden breast
B. Deep pectoral myopathy
C. Exudative diathesis
C. Exudative diathesis is green to henmorrhagic, viscour central skin with subcutaneous edema and pericardial effusion. Vitamin E deficiency also causes CEREBELLAR hemorrhage in chicks (crazy chick disease). Wooden breast has an unknown etiology that is not associated with vitamin E deficiency and Deep pectoral myopathy is known as green muscle disease and is associated with excessive wing beating.
Tissue from a chicken. Name the condition and give the cause.
Ascites syndrome fom pulmonary hypertension due to rapid growth –> high O2 demand –> insufficient lung capacity –> increased hydrostatic vascular pressure –> right ventricular hypertrophy –> tricupsid valve hypertrophy –> regurgitation –> RV dialtion –> congestion –> ascites. . Also causes fibrotic liver from CPC.
Most likely cause.
Ammonia toxicity.
Tissue from a turkey. Normal is on the right. Name the disease.
Round heart disease. Unknown cause. Dilated bilateral cardiomyopathy found in 1-4 month old poults. Causes hydropericardium, ascites, hepatic CPC and degeneration.
Tissue from a chicken. Most likely cause.
Aflatoxin from Aspergillus spp. (B1 most toxic and carcinogenic). Causes icterus, hemorrhages, swollen liver and kidneys. Histo with hepatocyte necrosis and lipid.
Mechanism of botulinum toxin? What is the most common type of botulinum toxin? What types of birds are at increased risk?
Prevents acetylcholine release from peripheral motor nerve synapse. Type C is most common. Waterfowl.
Tissue from a chicken. Two most likely associated lesions.
A. Feather abnormalities
B. Cardiomyopathy
C. Oral mucosal necrosis
D. Renal necrosis
A and C. This is from Fusarium toxicosis (Trichthecene tmyocotoxins, with the T2 toxin being most important in poultry, disrupts sphingolipis synthesis). Causes abnormal feather growth and mucosal necrosis/stomatitis. Linear fibrinonecrotic oral erosions are common. Also causes a periportal necrosis.
Tissue from a quail. One possible toxic cause and mechanism.
Ionophore toxicity causing myocyte pallor. Increases cell K+ excretion and Ca2+ influx thru ATPase transport 🡪 cytoplasmic calcium accumulation 🡪 mitochondrial damage and decreased muscle contraction.
Tissue from a chicken. Histologic correlate?
Heterophilic and granulomatous bronchopneumonia with fruiting bodies. This is Aspergillus spp. Fumigatus>flavum>niger. Elastase is an important virulence factor.
Tissue from a turkey. Most likely cause?
Candida. Affects primarily the crop in turkeys. Hyperkeratosis with koilin degeneration and secondary bacterial infections. Found in keratinized layer of mucosa.
Tissue from a turkey. Most likely cause?
Trichomonas gallinae. Crops and esophagus of turkeys. Also found in pigeons, raptors, dove. Causes plaques and caseous nodules in oral cavity and proximal GI.
Tissue from a chicken. Most likely etiology?
Eimeria tenella. Cecum, blood in lumen –> ceca, hemorrhagic to caseous core, high morbidity mortality.
Tissue from a turkey. Etiology and associated lesion?
Histomonas meleagridis. Asscoiated lesions could be blackhead (cyanosis of snood and wattle) or necrotixzxing to ulcerative typhlitis.
Tissue from a turkey. Etiology?
Capillaria annulata or contorta, aphasmid nematode with bi-operculate eggs.
Tissue from a chicken. Most likely etiology?
Knemidocoptes mutans (gallinae is depluming mite) AKA scaly leg mite. Prefers legs, beak (i.e. unfeathered skin).
Tissue from a chicken. Most likely etiology?
A. Ammonia burn
B. Staphlococcus aureus
C. Conspecific trauma
D. Knemidocoptes gallinae
D. This is the depluming mite, causes breakage or complete loss of feathers in chicken, pheasants, pigeons. Intense pruritis and feature pulling is result.
Tissue from a chicken. Etiology, common name and life cycle.
Syngamus trachea; gapeworm; Intermediate invertebrate host/eggs ingested 🡪 larvae migrate thru the wall of crop, esophagus or duodenum, 🡪 through the liver 🡪 enter blood stream via portal system to lungs > Adult worms migrate to the large bronchi and trachea 🡪 copulation and eggs
Tissue from a chicken. Etiology?
Ascardia galli, big intestinal worm of chickens.
Chicken. Most likely etiology?
Microsporum gallinae (avian ringworm) leaves white powdery material on head and wattles.
Tissue from a budgie. Morph?
Cutaneous xanthoma. Xanthomas are common in psittacines (especially cockatiels and female budgerigars, as in this case). These inflammatory pseudotumors are typically composed of foamy macrophages, multinucleated giant cells and cholesterol clefts. They most commonly occur on the skin but can also be found in internal organs and in the bone marrow. Although the precise pathogenesis is still unknown, a disturbance in lipid metabolism is suspected.
Tissue from a chicken. Morph and name the condition.
Multifocal and hyperkeratotic dermatitis. “Favus” is the name of dermatophytosis in chickens.
Tissue from a bird. Name the disease, give the etiology and the histo lesion.
Proventricular dilatation disease, avian bornavirus, histo lesion is lymphoplasmacytic neuritis of the myenteric plexus, ganglia, peripheral nerves. Also causes cuffing and Purkinke cell necrosis in the brain.
Tissue from a budgie. Etiology and name the disease. Expected clinical signs and gross necropsy lesions?
Avian polyomavirus (cause of Budgie fledgling disease). Clinical signs may be none in acute cases but usually poor body condition, ascites, feather dystrophy. Gross necropsy lesions are hepatic necrosis, hydropericardium, hemorrhages in myocardium and kidneyy. Non-budgies may have spleno and hepatoegaly but otherwise good condition. Inclusions seen in kidney, spleen, hepatocytes, feather follicles. DDx adenovirus which has a more basophilic appearance and less karyomegaly.
Tissue from a crow. Most likely etiology? Another histo feature?
West nile virus. Meningoencephalitis with hemorrhages.
Two differentials. How would you differentiate?
Psittacine beak and feather disease caused by avian circovirus. Budgie fledgling disease caused by avian polyomavirus. Inclusions in PBFD are typical intracytoplasmic botroid circoviral inclusions, very basophihlic. Also see thymic and bursal lymphoid necrosis. Have lesions of the beak, feather and the claw in PBFD.
Tissue from a macaw. Most likely cause?
A. Fowl pox
B. Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
C. Budgie Fledgling Disease
D. Pacheco’s Disease
D. This is Pacheco’s disease, caused by an alphaherpesvirus (Psittacine herpesvirus1). the LIVER is the most common site for lesions - hepatic necrosis with inclusions.
Tissue from a turkey. Two possible causes.
Swollen infraorbital sinus. Infectious sinusitis from Mycoplasma gallisepticum/synoviae, Turkey coryza from Bordetella avium, Swollen head disease from Avian metapneumonvirus.
This lesion is most commonly found in what kinds of birds?
A. flamingoes
B. penguins
C. ostriches
D. raptors
D. raptors. This is synovial osteochondromatosis. It is a hyperplastic rather than a neoplastic disease, found in the periarticular tissues.
Tissue from a duck. Morph and cause.
Diffuse fibrinous epicarditis with hemorrhage. New duck disease = affects young ducks and caused by Reimerella anatipestifer. Cause sepsis (think fowl cholera). Used to classified as a Pasteurella. So lots of fibrin.
Tissue from a quail. Cause?
Clostridium colinum. Causes necrohemorrhagic typhlitis, colitis, enteritis.
Tissue from a chicken. Which agents can cause this?
Gangrenous dermatitis. C. perfringens type A, C. sordelli, C. septicum. Novyi causes black disease in sheep and pseudoblackleg in cattle - nothing in chickens.
Tibial dyschondroplasia occurs in chickens as a result of:
retention of the hypertrophic zone of cartilage that continues to elongate rather than break down. Retained physeal cartilage core with excessive zone of hypertrophy.
Tissue from a parrot. Name the disease. Give a morph. Other organs affected.
Heterophilic to granulomatous air sacculitis. Chlamydiosis. Necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis
Tissue from a chicken. Morph and etiology?
Hydropericarium. Avian adenovirus. Other associated lesion inmultifocal to coalescing necrotizing hepatitis with inclusions “inclusion body hepatitis”. Can also see erosive ventriculitis and necrotizing pancreatitis. Frequently have chicken anemia virus or other immunosuppressive virus first.
Tissue from a parrot. Morph.
Cholangiocellular carcinoma. Common in old psittacines.
Tissue from a chicken. Etiology?
Newcastle disease. Hemorrhage of glands in the proventriculus.
Tissue froma duck with H5N1 influenza. Initiating factor in development of this presentation?
Loss of corneal endothelium within 3-4 days of infection with HPAI.
